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POWERED MIXER
POWERED MIXER
Owner’s Manual
Owner’s Manual
Making the Most of Your Mixer
Pages 13 to 19
Quick Guide
Pages 6 to 12
EN
2
EMX512SC/EMX312SC/EMX212S
The above warning is located on the rear of the unit.
Explanation of Graphical Symbols
The lightning flash with arrowhead symbol
within an equilateral triangle is intended to alert
the user to the presence of uninsulated
“dangerous voltage” within the product’s
enclosure that may be of sufficient magnitude to
constitute a risk of electric shock to persons.
The exclamation point within an equilateral
triangle is intended to alert the user to the
presence of important operating and
maintenance (servicing) instructions in the
literature accompanying the product.
IMPORTANT SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS
1 Read these instructions.
2Keep these instructions.
3 Heed all warnings.
4 Follow all instructions.
5 Do not use this apparatus near water.
6 Clean only with dry cloth.
7 Do not block any ventilation openings. Install in
accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.
8 Do not install near any heat sources such as radiators,
heat registers, stoves, or other apparatus (including
amplifiers) that produce heat.
9 Do not defeat the safety purpose of the polarized or
grounding-type plug. A polarized plug has two blades
with one wider than the other. A grounding type plug
has two blades and a third grounding prong. The wide
blade or the third prong are provided for your safety. If
the provided plug does not fit into your outlet, consult
an electrician for replacement of the obsolete outlet.
10 Protect the power cord from being walked on or pinched
particularly at plugs, convenience receptacles, and the
point where they exit from the apparatus.
11 Only use attachments/accessories specified by the
manufacturer.
12 Use only with the cart, stand,
tripod, bracket, or table specified
by the manufacturer, or sold with
the apparatus. When a cart is
used, use caution when moving
the cart/apparatus combination
to avoid injury from tip-over.
13 Unplug this apparatus during
lightning storms or when unused for long periods of
time.
14 Refer all servicing to qualified service personnel.
Servicing is required when the apparatus has been
damaged in any way, such as power-supply cord or plug
is damaged, liquid has been spilled or objects have
fallen into the apparatus, the apparatus has been
exposed to rain or moisture, does not operate normally,
or has been dropped.
(98-6500)
CAUTION: TO REDUCE THE RISK OF
ELECTRIC SHOCK, DO NOT REMOVE
COVER (OR BACK). NO USER-SERVICEABLE
PARTS INSIDE. REFER SERVICING TO
QUALIFIED SERVICE PERSONNEL.
CAUTION
RISK OF ELECTRIC SHOCK
DO NOT OPEN
WARNING
TO REDUCE THE RISK OF FIRE OR ELECTRIC SHOCK, DO NOT EXPOSE THIS APPARATUS TO RAIN OR MOISTURE.
IMPORTANT
Please record the serial number of this unit in the space below.
Model:
Serial No.:
The serial number is located on the bottom or rear of the unit.
Retain this Owner’s Manual in a safe place for future reference.
EMX512SC/EMX312SC/EMX212S
3
(5)-4
2/3
PRECAUTIONS
PLEASE READ CAREFULLY BEFORE PROCEEDING
* Please keep this manual in a safe place for future reference.
WARNING
Always follow the basic precautions listed below to avoid the possibility of serious injury or even death from electrical
shock, short-circuiting, damages, re or other hazards. These precautions include, but are not limited to, the following:
Only use the voltage specified as correct for the device. The required voltage is
printed on the name plate of the device.
Use only the included power cord.
Do not place the power cord near heat sources such as heaters or radiators, and do
not excessively bend or otherwise damage the cord, place heavy objects on it, or
place it in a position where anyone could walk on, trip over, or roll anything over it.
Be sure to connect to an appropriate outlet with a protective grounding
connection. Improper grounding can result in electrical shock.
Do not open the device or attempt to disassemble the internal parts or modify
them in any way. The device contains no user-serviceable parts. If it should
appear to be malfunctioning, discontinue use immediately and have it inspected
by qualified Yamaha service personnel.
Do not expose the device to rain, use it near water or in damp or wet conditions,
or place containers on it containing liquids which might spill into any openings.
Never insert or remove an electric plug with wet hands.
If the power cord or plug becomes frayed or damaged, or if there is a sudden
loss of sound during use of the device, or if any unusual smells or smoke
should appear to be caused by it, immediately turn off the power switch,
disconnect the electric plug from the outlet, and have the device inspected by
qualified Yamaha service personnel.
If this device should be dropped or damaged, immediately turn off the power
switch, disconnect the electric plug from the outlet, and have the device
inspected by qualified Yamaha service personnel.
CAUTION
Always follow the basic precautions listed below to avoid the possibility of physical injury to you or others, or damage
to the device or other property. These precautions include, but are not limited to, the following:
Remove the electric plug from the outlet when the device is not to be used for
extended periods of time, or during electrical storms.
When removing the electric plug from the device or an outlet, always hold the
plug itself and not the cord. Pulling by the cord can damage it.
Before moving the device, remove all connected cables.
When setting up the product, make sure that the AC outlet you are using is
easily accessible. If some trouble or malfunction occurs, immediately turn off
the power switch and disconnect the plug from the outlet. Even when the power
switch is turned off, electricity is still flowing to the product at the minimum
level. When you are not using the product for a long time, make sure to unplug
the power cord from the wall AC outlet.
If this device is to be mounted in an EIA-standard rack, leave the back of the rack
open and make sure that it is at least 10 cm away from walls or surfaces. Also, if
this device is to be mounted with devices that tend to generate heat, such as
power amplifiers, be sure to keep an adequate gap between this device and the
heat-generating devices or install ventilation panels to prevent high
temperatures from developing inside this device.
Inadequate ventilation can result in overheating, possibly causing damage to
the device(s), or even fire.
Do not use the device in a confined, poorly-ventilated location. If this device is
to be used in a small space other than an EIA-standard rack, make sure that there
is adequate space between the device and surrounding walls or other devices: at
least 10 cm at the sides, 25 cm behind and 15 cm above. Inadequate ventilation
can result in overheating, possibly causing damage to the device(s), or even fire.
•Avoid setting all equalizer controls and faders to their maximum. Depending on
the condition of the connected devices, doing so may cause feedback and may
damage the speakers.
Do not expose the device to excessive dust or vibrations, or extreme cold or heat
(such as in direct sunlight, near a heater, or in a car during the day) to prevent the
possibility of panel disfiguration or damage to the internal components.
Do not place the device in an unstable position where it might accidentally fall over.
Do not block the vents. This device has ventilation holes at the rear and side to
prevent the internal temperature from becoming too high. In particular, do not
place the device on its side or upside down. Inadequate ventilation can result in
overheating, possibly causing damage to the device(s), or even fire.
Do not use the device in the vicinity of a TV, radio, stereo equipment, mobile
phone, or other electric devices. Doing so may result in noise, both in the
device itself and in the TV or radio next to it.
Before connecting the device to other devices, turn off the power for all devices.
Before turning the power on or off for all devices, set all volume levels to minimum.
Use only speaker cables for connecting speakers to the speaker jacks. Use of
other types of cables may result in fire.
Do not use speaker cables with a metal-housing connector. Doing so may result
in electrical shock due to differences in voltage. Use speaker cables with a non-
metal-housing connector, or with a insulated-housing connector.
When turning on the AC power in your audio system, always turn on the device
or external power amplifiers LAST, to avoid speaker damage. When turning the
power off, the device or external power amplifiers should be turned off FIRST for
the same reason.
Do not insert your fingers or hands in any gaps or openings on the device
(vents, etc.).
•Avoid inserting or dropping foreign objects (paper, plastic, metal, etc.) into any
gaps or openings on the device (vents, etc.) If this happens, turn off the power
immediately and unplug the power cord from the AC outlet. Then have the
device inspected by qualified Yamaha service personnel.
Do not use the device for a long period of time at a high or uncomfortable
volume level, since this can cause permanent hearing loss. If you experience
any hearing loss or ringing in the ears, consult a physician.
Do not rest your weight on the device or place heavy objects on it, and avoid use
excessive force on the buttons, switches or connectors.
Power supply/Power cord
Do not open
Water warning
If you notice any abnormality
Power supply/Power cord
Location
Connections
Handling caution
4
EMX512SC/EMX312SC/EMX212S
Always turn the power off when the device is not in use.
The performance of components with moving contacts, such as switches, volume controls, and connectors, deteriorates over time. Consult qualified Yamaha service
personnel about replacing defective components.
About this Manual
This manual is divided into two main sections, as follows.
Mixer Basics (starts on page 6)
Presents a general explanation of mixers and mixer concepts. Includes a Quick Guide that will help beginners get up to speed very quickly.
EMX Setup and Operation (starts on page 20)
Provides detailed information about the EMX. Introduces the EMX features, identifies and explains the controls, indicators, and connec-
tors; and explains how to set up the equipment.
* This manual applies to models EMX512SC, EMX312SC, and EMX212SC. Within this manual, the term “EMX” is used to refer to all three of these models.
* Illustrations herein are for explanatory purposes only, and may not match actual appearance during operation.
* Company names and product names herein are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective companies.
XLR-type connectors are wired as follows (IEC60268 standard): pin 1: ground, pin 2: hot (+), and pin 3: cold (-).
Use only Neutrik plugs (NL4) for connecting Speakon connectors.
Yamaha cannot be held responsible for damage caused by improper use or modifications to the device.
Copying of commercially available music or other audio data for purposes other than personal use is strictly prohibited by copyright law. Please respect all
copyrights, and consult with a copyright specialist if you are in doubt about permissible use.
IMPORTANT NOTICE FOR THE UNITED KINGDOM
Connecting the Plug and Cord
WARNING: THIS APPARATUS MUST BE EARTHED
IMPORTANT. The wires in this mains lead are coloured in accordance with the following code:
GREEN-AND-YELLOW : EARTH
BLUE : NEUTRAL
BROWN : LIVE
As the colours of the wires in the mains lead of this apparatus may not correspond with the coloured markings identifying the termi-
nals in your plug proceed as follows:
The wire which is coloured GREEN-and-YELLOW must be connected to the terminal in the plug which is marked by the letter E or by
the safety earth symbol or coloured GREEN or GREEN-and-YELLOW.
The wire which is coloured BLUE must be connected to the terminal which is marked with the letter N or coloured BLACK.
The wire which is coloured BROWN must be connected to the terminal which is marked with the letter L or coloured RED.
This applies only to products distributed by Yamaha-Kemble Music (U.K.) Ltd. (3 wires)
1. IMPORTANT NOTICE: DO NOT MODIFY THIS UNIT!
This product, when installed as indicated in the instructions con-
tained in this manual, meets FCC requirements. Modifications not
expressly approved by Yamaha may void your authority, granted by
the FCC, to use the product.
2. IMPORTANT: When connecting this product to accessories and/
or another product use only high quality shielded cables. Cable/s
supplied with this product MUST be used. Follow all installation
instructions. Failure to follow instructions could void your FCC
authorization to use this product in the USA.
3. NOTE: This product has been tested and found to comply with the
requirements listed in FCC Regulations, Part 15 for Class “B” digi-
tal devices. Compliance with these requirements provides a rea-
sonable level of assurance that your use of this product in a
residential environment will not result in harmful interference with
other electronic devices. This equipment generates/uses radio fre-
quencies and, if not installed and used according to the instruc-
tions found in the users manual, may cause interference harmful to
the operation of other electronic devices. Compliance with FCC
* This applies only to products distributed by YAMAHA CORPORATION OF AMERICA. (class B)
regulations does not guarantee that interference will not occur in all
installations. If this product is found to be the source of interfer-
ence, which can be determined by turning the unit “OFF” and “ON”,
please try to eliminate the problem by using one of the following
measures:
Relocate either this product or the device that is being affected by
the interference.
Utilize power outlets that are on different branch (circuit breaker or
fuse) circuits or install AC line filter/s.
In the case of radio or TV interference, relocate/reorient the
antenna. If the antenna lead-in is 300 ohm ribbon lead, change the
lead-in to co-axial type cable.
If these corrective measures do not produce satisfactory results,
please contact the local retailer authorized to distribute this type of
product. If you can not locate the appropriate retailer, please con-
tact Yamaha Corporation of America, Electronic Service Division,
6600 Orangethorpe Ave, Buena Park, CA90620
The above statements apply ONLY to those products distributed by
Yamaha Corporation of America or its subsidiaries.
FCC INFORMATION (U.S.A.)
EMX512SC/EMX312SC/EMX212S
5
Thank you for your purchase of this Yamaha EMX512SC, EMX312SC, or EMX212S power mixer.
Please read through this manual carefully before beginning use, so that you will be able to take full
advantage of your mixer’s superlative features and enjoy trouble-free operation for years to come. After
reading the manual, please store it in a safe place.
Basic
Quick Guide 6
Before Turning On the Mixer........................................ 6
Getting Sound to the Speakers.................................... 7
Adding Some Reverb................................................. 11
Using the Compressors to Enhance Vocals .............. 12
Making the Most of Your Mixer 13
A Place for Everything and Everything in its Place .... 13
A Plethora of Connectors—What Goes Where? ... 13
Balanced, Unbalanced—What’s the Difference? .. 14
Signal Levels and the Decibel.................................... 15
Making Better Mixes................................................... 15
Approaching the Mix—Where Do You Start? ...... 15
To EQ or Not to EQ.............................................. 16
Ambience ............................................................. 17
The Modulation Effects: Phasing, Chorus,
and Flanging ........................................................ 18
Compression........................................................ 18
Reference
Controls and Connectors 20
Controls on Each Channel ......................................... 20
Digital Effects Section ................................................ 22
MAIN Section ............................................................. 23
MONITOR Section ..................................................... 24
POWER Section ........................................................ 25
Rear Panel ................................................................. 26
Connecting Speakers 27
Horizontal Orientation, Tilting and
Rack Mounting 28
Horizontal Orientation ................................................ 28
Tilting ......................................................................... 29
Rack Mounting ........................................................... 29
Setting Up 30
Troubleshooting 31
Specifications 32
Input Channels..................................... page 20
The EMX offers four monoaural mic/line input channels (1
to 4) and four stereo input channel pairs (5/6 to 11/12),
allowing you to freely mix inputs from microphones, line-
level devices, and stereo devices. For example, you can
mix four microphones with four stereo devices, or seven
microphones with one stereo synthesizer.
Phantom Power (+15V)........................ page 25
A single switch turns phantom power on to all mic inputs.
Use this feature to provide power to condenser microphones.
High-Quality Digital Effects ................ page 22
The mixer’s internal effector is in the same league as our
SPX effector series, allowing you to create a rich range of
variations with no external help. But of course you are also
free to use the EFFECT OUT jack to connect to an external
effector of your choice.
MAIN and MONITOR Outputs ............. page 23
The mixer offers excellent independent control of main and
monitor output. The top panel offers separate main and
monitor outputs, while the POWER AMP switch can be
used to set the SPEAKERS jacks so that they output either
the main signal to both speakers or else the main signal to
one speaker and the monitor signal to the other. Separate
MASTER control knobs and 7-segment graphic equalizers
are also provided.
Compressors (EMX512SC and
EMX312SC only) .................................. page 21
Compressors on channels 1 to 4 can be used to squeeze
the dynamic range of inputs such as microphones and
acoustic guitars, attenuating the higher levels and bringing
out the lower ones. This feature helps reduce distortion and
allows overall volume to be set higher, resulting in a stron-
ger and more impressive sound.
Tilt Setup or Rack Mount ................... page 29
The EMX can be positioned at an angle or mounted in a
rack, allowing for easy accessibility in a wide variety of set-
ups.
Internal Power Amp ............................. page 25
The internal amp makes it possible to connect the SPEAK-
ERS jacks directly to non-powered speakers, with no need
for an external amplifier in between. The rear panel offers
two types of speaker connectors: phone jacks and Neutrik
Speakon jacks.
Contents Features
BASIC
6
EMX512SC/EMX312SC/EMX212S
Quick Guide
Before Turning On the Mixer
Connecting to Power
1 Be sure that the POWER switch is in the OFF position.
2 Connect the included power cord to the AC IN connector on the rear panel.
3 Plug the power cord into a standard power outlet.
Turning the Unit On and Off
NOTE
To prevent an unpleasant burst of noise from the speakers, you should power up the sound sources first, and then the other devices in
order of their distance from the source (starting with the closest).
For example: Sound source (external device)
EMX unit
Amps (Powered speakers)
When turning power off, proceed in the opposite order.
Before turning power on, make sure that the LEVEL and MASTER knobs are set to the “0” position.
1 Push the POWER switch in to turn the power ON.
The power lamp lights up to indicate that power is on. To turn the power off, push the switch again, so that it
pops out.
Rapidly turning the unit ON and OFF in succession can cause it to malfunction. After turning the unit OFF, wait for about 10 seconds
before turning it ON again.
Quick Guide
BASIC
EMX512SC/EMX312SC/EMX212S
7
We begin by connecting up two speakers and generating some
stereo output. Note that operations and procedures will vary
somewhat according to the input devices you are using.
1 Connect up the speakers and your input devices
(microphones, instruments, etc.)
Use non-powered speakers and dedicated speaker cable. Connect one speaker
to SPEAKERS jack A (A1 or A2), and the other to jack B (B1 or B2). Then con-
nect your input devices (microphones, guitar, etc.) to the appropriate input jacks
on the top panel. For details, see page 30.
RIGHT WRONG!!
Getting Sound to the Speakers
1
2,8
4
6
2,7,9
3
5
1
NOTE
We recommend that you do not
connect electric instruments
(such as electric guitars and
basses) directly to the EMX.
Instead, these instruments
should be connected through
an intermediary device such as
a direct box, a preamp (guitar
amp), or an amp simulator.
Before connecting input
devices to the EMX, be sure
that all of these devices (includ-
ing microphones) are powered
off. And before turning the
power to any device on or off,
be sure to turn the volume of
that device all the way down.
Neglect of these precautions
may result in large noise bursts
that may damage your equip-
ment, your ears, or both.
Never connect both A and B
jacks to a single speaker. Con-
nection of both jacks to the
same speaker may result in
damage to the mixer.
8
EMX512SC/EMX312SC/EMX212S
Quick Guide
BASIC
2 Turn the LEVEL knobs and the MASTER knobs to 0.
3 Set the POWER AMP switch to its upper position
(to MAIN L-R).
For information about this switch, see page 25.
This position
This position
Quick Guide
BASIC
EMX512SC/EMX312SC/EMX212S
9
4 If you have connected input devices to channels 1 to 4, set
the LINE/MIC switch on each channel accordingly.
If you have connected a line-level device, such as a keyboard or audio device,
set the channel’s switch to the LINE position ( ). If you have connected a
microphone or other mic-level device, set the switch to the MIC position ( ).
5 If you are using one or more condenser microphones for
your inputs, set the PHANTOM switch to the ON position
().
6 Turn on the power.
First turn on the power to all connected devices other than powered speakers
and amp, and then turn on the EMX itself. If using powered speakers or amps,
turn these on last.
Be sure to leave this switch
off if you do not need phan-
tom power.
When using phantom power,
do not connect any devices
other than condenser micro-
phones to the XLR input
jacks. Other devices may be
damaged if connected to
phantom power. This precau-
tion does not apply to bal-
anced dynamic microphones,
however, as these will not be
affected by phantom power.
Before turning the PHAN-
TOM switch ON or OFF, be
sure to turn off the power to
the mixer and to all other
devices having internal
amplifiers. It is also recom-
mended that you set both
MASTER knobs to their “0”
position. Neglect of these
precautions may result in
damage to speakers, to other
equipment, or to your ears.
10
EMX512SC/EMX312SC/EMX212S
Quick Guide
BASIC
7 Turn the MASTER knob in the MAIN section to the posi-
tion.
8 Adjust the LEVEL knobs for all occupied channels.
For each input device you have connected: Generate sound from the device
while adjusting the corresponding channel’s LEVEL knob. Adjust so that the
LEVEL meter occasionally reaches the “0” level.
9 Now turn the MASTER knob in the MAIN section again
as necessary to adjust the overall output level.
This position
It is acceptable for the LIMITER
lamps to flash on briefly at
times, but if they remain lit con-
tinuously then there is risk of
damage to your speakers or to
the internal amp. Reduce the
MASTER knob setting so that
these lamps do not stay on.
Quick Guide
BASIC
EMX512SC/EMX312SC/EMX212S
11
Now let’s try adding some reverb to your input. The reverb effects
let you simulate the sound of different performance environ-
ments—such as concert halls and small clubs.
1 Turn the ON switch to it’s ON position.
This switch turns the internal effector on and off. The lamp lights up orange to
indicate that the effector is on. As an alternative to the ON switch, you can use a
separately sold FC5 foot switch to toggle the effector on and off.
2 Turn the PROGRAM dial to select the desired effect type;
To select a reverb effect, turn the dial to any value from 1 to 7.
3 Use the channel EFFECT knobs to adjust the effect
depth for each channel.
Adding Some Reverb
3
1
4
2
1
REVERB HALL 1
9
KARAOKE ECHO
2
REVERB HALL 2
0
VOCAL ECHO
3
REVERB ROOM 1
A
CHORUS 1
4
REVERB ROOM 2
B
CHORUS 2
55
55
REVERB STAGE 1
CC
CC
FLANGER
66
66
REVERB STAGE 2
DD
DD
PHASER
77
77
REVERB PLATE
EE
EE
AUTO WAH
88
88
DRUM AMBIENCE
FF
FF
DISTORTION
12
EMX512SC/EMX312SC/EMX212S
Quick Guide
BASIC
4 Use the MAIN section’s EFFECT RTN knob to adjust the
overall effect depth.
Note that you can use the PARAMETER knob to adjust the characteristic sound
of the selected effect. If you have selected a reverb effect, the knob will adjust
the reverb time.
The compressor evens out the input level, reducing the level of
loud passages and bringing up softer passages. The result is a
cleaner sound where nuances remain audible and the lyrics are
easier to hear.
1 Adjust the COMP knobs on the relevant channels.
Turn the knob clockwise to increase the compression. Avoid setting the value
too high, as too much compression may lead to howling. For more information
about the compressors, see pages 18 and 21.
Using the Compressors to Enhance Vocals
(EMX512SC and EMX312SC only)
1
BASIC
EMX512SC/EMX312SC/EMX212S
13
Making the Most of Your Mixer
An Introduction
You’ve got yourself a mixer
and now you’re ready to use it.
Just plug everything in,
twiddle the controls, and
away you go … right?
Well, if you’ve done this
before you won’t have any
problems, but if this is the
first time you’ve ever used a
mixer you might want to
read through this little
tutorial and pick up a few
basics that will help you get
better performance and
make better mixes.
A Place for
Everything and
Everything in its
Place
A Plethora of
Connectors—What
Goes Where?
Questions you’re likely to
encounter when setting up a
system for the first time might
include “Why all these different
types of connectors on the back
of my mixer?” and “What’s the
difference?”.
Let’s start by taking a look at the
most common connector types.
The Venerable RCA Pin
Jack
This is the “consumer connector,”
and the one that has been most
commonly used on home audio
gear for many years. Also known
as “phono” jacks (short for
“phonogram”), but the term isn’t
used much these days—besides,
it’s too easily confusable with
“phone” jacks, below. RCA pin
jacks are always unbalanced, and
generally carry a line-level signal
at –10 dB, nominal. You’re most
likely to use this type of connector
when connecting a CD player or
other home audio type source to
your mixer, or when connecting
the output of your mixer to a
cassette recorder or similar gear.
The Versatile Phone Jack
The name “phone jack” arose
simply because this configuration
was first used in telephone
switchboards. Phone jacks can be
tricky because you can’t always
tell what type of signal they’re
designed to handle just by looking
at them. It could be unbalanced
mono, unbalanced stereo,
balanced mono, or an insert patch
point. The connector’s label will
usually tell you what type of signal
it handles, as will the owner’s
manual (you do keep your
manuals in a safe place, don’t
you?). A phone jack that is set up
to handle balanced signals is also
often referred to as a “TRS”
phone jack. “TRS” stands for Tip-
Ring-Sleeve, which describes the
configuration of the phone plug
used.
The Sturdy XLR
This type of connector is
generally referred to as “XLR-
type,” and almost always carries a
balanced signal. If the
corresponding circuitry is
designed properly, however, XLR-
White
Red
Stereo/TRS phone plug
Mono phone plug
Male
Female
14
EMX512SC/EMX312SC/EMX212S
Making the Most of Your Mixer
BASIC
type connectors will also handle
unbalanced signals with no
problem. Microphone cables
usually have this type of
connector, as do the inputs and
outputs of most professional
audio gear.
Balanced,
Unbalanced—What’s
the Difference?
In a word: “noise.” The whole
point of balanced lines is noise
rejection, and it’s something
they’re very good at. Any length
of wire will act as an antenna to
pick up the random
electromagnetic radiation we’re
constantly surrounded by: radio
and TV signals as well as
spurious electromagnetic noise
generated by power lines, motors,
electric appliances, computer
monitors, and a variety of other
sources. The longer the wire, the
more noise it is likely to pick up.
That’s why balanced lines are the
best choice for long cable runs. If
your “studio” is basically confined
to your desktop and all
connections are no more than a
meter or two in length, then
unbalanced lines are fine—unless
you’re surrounded by extremely
high levels of electromagnetic
noise. Another place balanced
lines are almost always used is in
microphone cables. The reason
for this is that the output signal
from most microphones is very
small, so even a tiny amount of
noise will be relatively large, and
will be amplified to an alarming
degree in the mixer’s high-gain
head amplifier.
How Do Balanced Lines
Reject Noise?
** Skip this section if technical
details make you queasy. **
Balanced lines work on the
principle of “phase cancellation”: if
you add two identical signals out
of phase (i.e. one signal is
inverted so its peaks coincide with
the troughs in the other signal),
the result is … nothing. A flat line.
The signals cancel each other
out.
A balanced cable has
three conductors:
1) A ground conductor which
carries no signal, just the
“ground” or “0” reference
against which the signal in the
other conductors fluctuates.
2) A “hot” or “+” conductor which
carries the normal-phase audio
signal.
3) A “cold” or “–” conductor which
carries the reverse-phase
audio signal.
While the desired audio signals in
the hot and cold conductors are
out of phase, any noise induced
in the line will be exactly the same
in both conductors, and thus in
phase. The trick is that the phase
of one signal is reversed at the
receiving end of the line so that
the desired audio signals become
in-phase, and the induced noise
suddenly finds itself out of phase.
The out-of-phase noise signal is
effectively canceled while the
audio signal is left intact. Clever,
eh?
Hot
Cold
Shield
(Ground)
Outer
Insulation
Balanced Unbalanced
To summarize
Microphones: Use balanced lines.
Short line-level runs: Unbalanced lines are fine if you’re in a
relatively noise-free environment.
Long line-level runs: The ambient electromagnetic noise level will
be the ultimate deciding factor, but balanced
is best.
Balanced noise cancellation
Noise
Hot (+)
Cold (–)
Ground
Source Cable
Noise cancelled
Noise-free signal
Phase
inversion
Receiving device
Making the Most of Your Mixer
EMX512SC/EMX312SC/EMX212S
15
BASIC
Signal Levels and
the Decibel
Let’s take a look at one of the
most commonly used units in
audio: the decibel (dB). If the
smallest sound that can be heard
by the human ear is given an
arbitrary value of 1, then the
loudest sound that can be heard
is approximately 1,000,000 (one
million) times louder. That’s too
many digits to deal with for
practical calculations, and so the
more appropriate “decibel” (dB)
unit was created for sound-related
measurements. In this system the
difference between the softest
and loudest sounds that can be
heard is 120 dB. This is a non-
linear scale, and a difference of 3
dB actually results in a doubling
or halving of the loudness.
You might encounter a number of
different varieties of the dB: dBu,
dBV, dBM and others, but the
dBu is the basic decibel unit. In
the case of dBu, “0 dBu” is
specified as a signal level of
0.775 volts. For example, if a
microphone’s output level is –40
dBu (0.00775 V), then to raise
that level to 0 dBu (0.775 V) in the
mixer’s preamp stage requires
that the signal be amplified by
100 times.
A mixer may be required to
handle signals at a wide range of
levels, and it is necessary match
input and output levels as closely
as possible. In most cases the
“nominal” level for a mixer’s input
and outputs is marked on the
panel or listed in the owner’s
manual.
Making Better Mixes
Approaching the
Mix—Where Do You
Start?
Mixing is easy, right? Just move
the faders around until it sounds
right? Well, you can do it that
way, but a more systematic
approach that is suited to the
material you’re mixing will
produce much better results, and
faster. There are no rules, and
you’ll probably end up developing
a system that works best for you.
But the key is to develop a
system rather than working
haphazardly. Here are a few
ideas to get you started:
Faders Down
It might sound overly simple, but it
is usually a good idea to start with
all channel faders off—all the way
down. It’s also possible to start
with all faders at their nominal
settings, but it’s too easy to lose
perspective with this approach.
Start with all faders down, then
bring them up one by one to fill
out the mix. But which channel
should you start with?
Example1:
Vocal Ballad Backed by
Piano Trio
What are you
mixing? Is it a song
in which the vocals
are the most
important element?
Unbalanced noise
Noise
Source Cable Receiving device
+ 20 dBu
0 dBu
0.775 V
-
20 dBu
-
40 dBu
-
60 dBu
The inputs and outputs on home-use audio gear
usually have a nominal level of –10 dBu.
Most professional mixers, power amplifiers, and other
types of equipment have inputs and outputs with a
nominal level of +4 dBu.
Microphone signal levels vary over a wide range
depending on the type of microphone and the source.
Average speech is about –30 dBu, but the twittering of
a bird might be lower than –50 dBu while a solid bass
drum beat might produce a level as high as 0 dBu.
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EMX512SC/EMX312SC/EMX212S
Making the Most of Your Mixer
BASIC
If so you might want to build the
mix around the vocals. This
means bringing the vocal channel
up to nominal first (if your level
setup procedure has been done
properly this will be a good
starting point), and then adding
the other instruments.
What you
add next will
depend on
the type of
material you
are working
with and
your
approach to it. If the vocals are
backed by a piano trio and the
song is a ballad, for example, you
might want to bring in the piano
next and get the vocal/piano
relationship just right, then bring
in the bass and drums to support
the overall sound.
Example2:
Funky R&B Groove
The approach will
be totally different
if you’re mixing a
funky R&B
number that
centers on the
groove. In this case most
engineers will start with the
drums, and then add the bass.
The relationship between the
drums and bass is extremely
important to achieve the “drive” or
groove the music rides on. Pay
particular attention to how the
bass works with the kick (bass
drum).
They should
almost sound
like a single
instrument—
with the kick
supplying the
punch and the bass supplying the
pitch. Once again, there are no
rules, but these are concepts that
have been proven to work well.
To EQ or Not to EQ
In general: less is better. There
are many situations in which you’ll
need to cut certain frequency
ranges, but use boost sparingly,
and with caution. Proper use of
EQ can eliminate interference
between instruments in a mix and
give the overall sound better
definition. Bad EQ—and most
commonly bad boost—just
sounds terrible.
Cut for a Cleaner Mix
For example: cymbals have a lot
of energy in the mid and low
frequency ranges that you don’t
really perceive as musical sound,
but which can interfere with the
clarity of other instruments in
these ranges. You can basically
turn the low EQ on cymbal
channels all the way down without
changing the way they sound in
the mix. You’ll hear the difference,
however, in the way the mix
sounds more “spacious,” and
instruments in the lower ranges
will have better definition.
Surprisingly enough, piano also
20 50 100 200 500 1 k 2 k 5 k 10 k 20 k
(
Hz
)
Piano
Bass Drum
Snare Drum
Bass
Guitar
Trombone
Tr umpet
Cymba
l
Fundamental: The frequency that determines the basic musical pitch.
The fundamental and harmonic frequency ranges of some
musical instruments.
Some Frequency Facts
The lowest and highest frequencies than can be heard by the
human ear are generally considered to be around 20 Hz and
20,000 Hz, respectively. Average conversation occurs in the
range from about 300 Hz to about 3,000 Hz. The frequency of a
standard pitchfork used to tune guitars and other instruments is
440 Hz (this corresponds to the “A3” key on a piano tuned to
concert pitch). Double this frequency to 880 Hz and you have a
pitch one octave higher (i.e. “A4” on the piano keyboard). In the
same way you can halve the frequency to 220 Hz to produce
“A2” an octave lower.
The frequencies controlled by the LOW, MID, and HIGH bands
on this mixer have been specifically selected to provide the most
“musical” range of adjustment with the widest possible range of
instruments (100Hz, 2,500 Hz, and 10,000 Hz, respectively).
Harmonics: Multiples of the fundamental frequency that play a role in
determining the timbre of the instrument.
Making the Most of Your Mixer
EMX512SC/EMX312SC/EMX212S
17
BASIC
has an incredibly powerful low
end that can benefit from a bit of
low-frequency roll-off to let other
instruments—notably drums and
bass—do their jobs more
effectively. Naturally you won’t
want to do this if the piano is
playing solo.
The reverse applies to kick drums
and bass guitars: you can often
roll off the high end to create
more space in the mix without
compromising the character of the
instruments. You’ll have to use
your ears, though, because each
instrument is different and
sometimes you’ll want the “snap”
of a bass guitar, for example, to
come through.
Boost with Caution
If you’re trying to create special or
unusual effects, go ahead and
boost away as much as you like.
But if you’re just trying to achieve
a good-sounding mix, boost only
in very small increments. A tiny
boost in the midrange can give
vocals more presence, or a touch
of high boost can give certain
instruments more “air.” Listen,
and if things don’t sound clear
and clean try using cut to remove
frequencies that are cluttering up
the mix rather than trying to boost
the mix into clarity.
One of the biggest problems with
too much boost is that it adds
gain to the signal, increasing
noise and potentially overloading
the subsequent circuitry.
Ambience
Your mixes can be further refined
by adding ambience effects such
as reverb or delay. On the EMX
mixers these effects are built in.
The internal DSP (Digital Signal
Processor) can be used to add
reverb or delay to individual
channels in the same way as
external effects processors, with
the extra connections required by,
or the loss in sound quality often
caused by external processing.
(Refer to page 22).
You need to be careful not to
overdo effects, however, because
going to far can undermine the
clarity and quality of your mix.
Use your ambience effects just
enough to create the required
feeling of depth, but no more than
is necessary to keep your sound
clean.
Reverb and Delay Time
A variety of reverb and delay
effect programs are provided,
and nearly all of then have a
reverb/delay time parameter than
can be adjusted via the panel
PARAMETER control.
Small adjustments to the reverb/
delay time can actually have a
significant effect on the sound.
The optimum reverb time for a
piece of music will depend on the
music’s demo and density, but as
a general rule longer reverb times
are good for ballads, while shorter
reverb times are more suited to
up-tempo tunes. Delay times can
be adjusted to create a wide
variety of “grooves”, and you
need to select the time that best
suits the music. When adding
delay to a vocal, for example, try
setting the delay time to dotted
eighth notes corresponding to the
tune’s tempo.
Reverb Tone
Different reverb programs will
have different “reverb tone” due to
differences in the reverb time of
the high or low frequencies, or
differences in the overall
frequency response of the reverb
sound. Always be careful not
apply too much reverb,
particularly in the high
frequencies. In addition to
resulting in unnatural sound,
excessive high-frequency reverb
can interfere with the high
frequencies in other parts of the
mix. If you can hear more reverb
than direct sound in the upper
frequency range, try selecting a
different effect program. It’s
always a good idea to choose a
reverb program that gives you the
depth you want without detracting
from the clarity of the mix.
Reverb Level
It’s amazing how quickly your
ears can lose perspective and
fool you into believing that a
totally washed-out mix sounds
perfectly fine. To avoid falling into
this trap start with reverb level all
Signal
Level (dB)
Frequency (Hz)
LOW Boost
LOW Flat
LOW Cut
MID Boost
MID Flat
HIGH Boost
HIGH Flat
HIGH Cut
MID Cut
18
EMX512SC/EMX312SC/EMX212S
Making the Most of Your Mixer
BASIC
the way down, then gradually
bring the reverb into the mix until
you can just hear the difference.
Any more than this normally
becomes a “special effect.” You
don’t want reverb to dominate the
mix unless you are trying to
create the effect of a band in a
cave—which is a perfectly
legitimate creative goal if that’s
the sort of thing you’re aiming for.
The Modulation
Effects: Phasing,
Chorus, and Flanging
All of these effects work on
basically the same principle: a
portion of the audio signal is
“time-shifted” and then mixed
back with the direct signal. The
amount of time shift is controlled,
or “modulated”, by an LFO (Low-
frequency Oscillator). When we
say “time shift,” however, we’re
not talking in terms of minutes or
even seconds.
For phasing effects the shift is
very small indeed – a difference
measured in degrees of phase
shift rather than time units. The
phase difference between the
modulated and direct signals
causes cancellation at some
frequencies and reinforces the
signal at others – a “comb filter”
effect – and this causes the
shimmering sound we hear.
Phasing is the subtlest of all these
effects, producing a gentle
shimmer that can add life to a
wide range of sources without
being too obtrusive.
For chorus and flanging the signal
is actually delayed by several
milliseconds (a millisecond is a
thousandth of a second), with the
delay time modulated by an LFO,
and recombined with the direct
signal. In addition to the comb-
filter effect described above, the
delay modulation in these effects
causes a perceived pitch shift
which, when mixed with the direct
signal, results in a harmonically
rich swirling or swishing sound.
The difference between chorus
and flanging effects is primarily in
the amount of delay time and
feedback used – flanging uses
longer delay times than chorus,
whereas chorus generally uses a
more complex delay structure.
Chorus is most often used to
thicken the sound of an
instrument, while flanging is
usually used as an outright
“special effect” to produce other-
worldly sonic swoops.
Compression
Have you ever wondered why
professionally produced
recordings sound so different
from your own? There are
numerous reasons, of course, but
one important factor is the
judicious use of compression.
One form of compression known
as “limiting” can, when properly
used, produce a smooth, unified
sound with no excessive peaks or
distortion. Compression can also
be used within a mix to make a
voice or instrument seem to come
forward, or simply to even out
level differences. Compression
can be used to make a mix seem
bigger and louder by producing a
more “saturated” sound.
Professional compressors have
numerous parameters that need
to be carefully adjusted: attack,
release, threshold, level, and
sometimes more. A professional
sound engineer might need to
spend a considerable amount of
time, based on a considerable
amount of experience, to set each
of these parameters to achieve
the desired sound.
The EMX compressor makes
achieving great sound much
easier. All you need to do is set a
single “compression” control and
all of the pertinent parameters are
automatically adjusted for you.
The engineers who designed this
fine compressor paid careful
attention to achieving the best
sound quality possible so that you
can quickly achieve pro-quality
compression without having to
OUTPUT
INPUT
(Min)
(Max)
Making the Most of Your Mixer
EMX512SC/EMX312SC/EMX212S
19
BASIC
worry about a confusing multitude
of settings.
A common example of the use of
compression is to “tame” a vocal
that has a wide dynamic range in
order to tighten up the mix. With
the right amount of compression
you’ll be able to clearly hear
whispered passages while
passionate shouts are still well
balanced in the mix. Compression
can also be valuable on bass
guitar, producing a smooth bass
sound that stays solid through the
tune. Compression can also be
applied to guitar tracks to add
extra sustain. Too much
compression can be a cause of
feedback, however, so use it
sparingly.
Music First—Then Mix
In any case, the music comes
first. Think about the music and
let it guide the mix, rather than
trying to do things the other way
around. What is the music saying
and what instrument or technique
is being used to drive the
message? That’s where the focus
of your mix should be. You’re
using a high-tech tool to do the
mixing, but the mix itself is as
much art as the music. Approach
it that way and your mixes will
become a vital part of the music.
Controls and Connectors
20
EMX512SC/EMX312SC/EMX212S
Controls and Connectors
Controls on Each Channel
1 FCL (Feedback Channel Locating) lamp
This lamp is used during setup to identify any channel
that might be howling. Check these lamps when setting
up for a performance. If the lamp lights up, adjust the
channels equalizer 2 or level knob 5 to reduce the
level so that the lamp goes off.
Input of a continuous sound (as from a CD player or
vocal) may cause the lamp to come on even in the
absence of howling.
2 Equalizer (HIGH, MID, and LOW)
This three-band equalizer adjusts the channel’s high,
mid, and low frequency bands. Setting the knob to the
position produces a flat frequency response. Turning the
knob to the right boosts the corresponding frequency
band, while turning to the left attenuates the band. The
following table shows the equalization type, the base fre-
quency, and the maximum cut/boost for each of the three
bands.
3 MONITOR control
Adjusts the level of the signal sent from the channel into
the MONITOR bus. If input is from a stereo channel pair
(5/6, 7/8, 9/10, or 11/12), the signals from the L and R
channels are mixed before moving into the bus. The
MONITOR bus signal is output at the MONITOR OUT
jack O, and may also be output from the SPEAKERS A
jacks V (depending on the setting of the POWER AMP
switch R).
The channel’s LEVEL knob 5 has no effect on the
level of the signal sent into the MONITOR bus.
4 EFFECT knob
Adjusts the level of the signal sent from the channel into
the EFFECT bus. If input is from a stereo channel pair
(5/6, 7/8, 9/10, or 11/12), the signals from the L and R
channels are mixed before moving into the bus. The
EFFECT bus signal is fed both to the internal digital
effector and to the EFFECT OUT jack C.
The channel’s LEVEL knob 5 also affects the level
of the channel’s signal into the EFFECT bus.
5 LEVEL knob
Adjusts the signal’s output level. Use these knobs to
adjust the volume balance among the various channels.
To reduce noise, set the knobs for unused channels to
“0”.
Channels
5/6 and 7/8
(Stereo)
Channels
9/10 and 11/12
(Stereo)
1
2
3
4
6
7
5
1
3
4
5
1
3
4
5
8
9
Channels
1 to 4
(Monaural)
Band Type Base Frequency Maximum Cut/Boost
HIGH Shelving 10 kHz
±15 dBMID Peaking 2.5 kHz
LOW Shelving 100 Hz
NOTE
NOTE
NOTE
NOTE
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