MG16/6FX
2
Precautions
—For safe operation—
WARNING
●
Connect this unit’s AC power adaptor only to an AC outlet of the
type stated in this Owner’s Manual or as marked on the unit.
Failure to do so is a fire and electrical shock hazard.
●
Do not allow water to enter this unit or allow the unit to become
wet. Fire or electrical shock may result.
●
Do not place a container with liquid or small metal objects on
top of this unit. Liquid or metal objects inside this unit are a fire
and electrical shock hazard.
●
Do not place heavy objects, including this unit, on top of the
power cord. A damaged power cord is a fire and electrical shock
hazard. In particular, be careful not to place heavy objects on a
power cord covered by a carpet.
●
Do not scratch, bend, twist, pull, or heat the power cord. A dam-
aged power cord is a fire and electrical shock hazard.
●
Do not remove the unit’s cover. You could receive an electrical
shock. If you think internal inspection, maintenance, or repair is
necessary, contact your dealer.
●
Do not modify the unit. Doing so is a fire and electrical shock
hazard.
●
If lightning begins to occur, turn off the power switch of the unit
as soon as possible, and unplug the power plug from the electri-
cal outlet.
●
If there is a possibility of lightning, do not touch the power plug
if it is still connected. Doing so may be an electrical shock haz-
ard.
●
Use only the included AC power adaptor (PA-30) for this unit.
Using other types may be a fire and electrical shock hazard.
●
If the power cord is damaged (i.e., cut or a bare wire is exposed),
ask your dealer for a replacement. Using the unit with a damaged
power cord is a fire and electrical shock hazard.
●
Should this unit and AC adaptor be dropped or the cabinet be
damaged, turn the power switch off, remove the power plug from
the AC outlet, and contact your dealer. If you continue using the
unit without heeding this instruction, fire or electrical shock may
result.
●
If you notice any abnormality, such as smoke, odor, or noise, or
if a foreign object or liquid gets inside the unit, turn it off imme-
diately. Remove the power plug from the AC outlet. Consult your
dealer for repair. Using the unit in this condition is a fire and
electrical shock hazard.
CAUTION
●
Keep this unit away from the following locations:
- Locations exposed to oil splashes or steam, such as near cook-
ing stoves, humidifiers, etc.
- Unstable surfaces, such as a wobbly table or slope.
- Locations exposed to excessive heat, such as inside a car with
all the windows closed, or places that receive direct sunlight.
- Locations subject to excessive humidity or dust accumulation.
●
Hold the power plug when disconnecting it from an AC outlet.
Never pull the cord. A damaged power cord is a potential fire and
electrical shock hazard.
●
Do not touch the power plug with wet hands. Doing so is a
potential electrical shock hazard.
●
To relocate the unit, turn the power switch off, remove the power
plug from the AC outlet, and remove all connecting cables. Dam-
aged cables may cause fire or electrical shock.
●
Do not cover or wrap the AC power adaptor with a cloth or blan-
ket. Heat may build up under the cloth or blanket, melting the
case, or causing fire. Use only in a well-ventilated environment.
●
If you know you will not use this unit for a log period of time,
such as when going on vacation, remove the power plug from the
AC outlet. Leaving it connected is a potential fire hazard.
Installation
Operation
In case an abnormality occurs during operation
Installation
Operation
MG16-6FX.book Page 2 Saturday, January 25, 2003 10:13 AM
Precautions
MG16/6FX
3
—For correct operation —
●
XLR-type connectors are wired as follows
Pin 1: ground; Pin 2: hot (+); Pin 3: cold (–).
●
INSERT TRS phone jacks are wired as follows
Sleeve: ground; Tip: send; Ring: return.
●
The performance of components with movable contacts—such
as switches, rotary controls, faders, and connectors—deteriorates
over time. While the rate of wear may vary greatly according to
usage conditions, some amount of wear is unavoidable. When
parts wear out, consult your dealer about appropriate replace-
ments.
●
Use of a mobile phone near this unit may induce noise. If noise
occurs, move the phone further from the unit.
Copying of commercially available music data and/or digital audio files, except for personal use, is strictly prohibited.
Illustrations in this manual are for explanatory purposes only, and may not match the actual appearance of the product during operation.
Company names and product names used in this Owner’s Manual are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners.
* This applies only to products distributed by YAMAHA CORPORATION OF AMERICA. (class B)
• This applies only to products distributed by Yamaha-Kemble Music (U.K.) Ltd. (2 wires).
Connector pin assignments
Replacement of Consumable Parts
Interference from Cell Phones
●
Always turn the power off when the mixer is not in use.
●
Even when the power switch is in the “STANDBY” position, electricity is still flowing to the mixer at the minimum level. When you are
not using the mixer for a long time, make sure you unplug the AC power adaptor from the wall AC outlet.
IMPORTANT NOTICE FOR THE UNITED KINGDOM
Connecting the Plug and Cord
IMPORTANT. The wires in this mains lead are coloured in accordance with the following code:
BLUE : NEUTRAL
BROWN : LIVE
As the colours of the wires in the mains lead of this apparatus may not correspond with the coloured makings identifying the terminals in your
plug proceed as follows:
The wire which is coloured BLUE must be connected to the terminal which is marked with the letter N or coloured BLACK.
The wire which is coloured BROWN must be connected to the terminal which is marked with the letter L or coloured RED.
Making sure that neither core is connected to the earth terminal of the three pin plug.
1. IMPORTANT NOTICE: DO NOT MODIFY THIS UNIT!
This product, when installed as indicated in the instructions con-
tained in this manual, meets FCC requirements. Modifications
not expressly approved by Yamaha may void your authority,
granted by the FCC, to use the product.
2. IMPORTANT: When connecting this product to accessories
and/or another product use only high quality shielded cables.
Cable/s supplied with this product MUST be used. Follow all
installation instructions. Failure to follow instructions could void
your FCC authorization to use this product in the USA.
3. NOTE: This product has been tested and found to comply with
the requirements listed in FCC Regulations, Part 15 for Class “B”
digital devices. Compliance with these requirements provides a
reasonable level of assurance that your use of this product in a
residential environment will not result in harmful interference with
other electronic devices. This equipment generates/uses radio
frequencies and, if not installed and used according to the
instructions found in the users manual, may cause interference
harmful to the operation of other electronic devices. Compliance
with FCC regulations does not guarantee that interference will
not occur in all installations. If this product is found to be the
source of interference, which can be determined by turning the
unit “OFF” and “ON”, please try to eliminate the problem by using
one of the following measures:
Relocate either this product or the device that is being affected by
the interference.
Utilize power outlets that are on different branch (circuit breaker
or fuse) circuits or install AC line filter/s.
In the case of radio or TV interference, relocate/reorient the
antenna. If the antenna lead-in is 300 ohm ribbon lead, change
the lead-in to co-axial type cable.
If these corrective measures do not produce satisfactory results,
please contact the local retailer authorized to distribute this type
of product. If you can not locate the appropriate retailer, please
contact Yamaha Corporation of America, Electronic Service Divi-
sion, 6600 Orangethorpe Ave, Buena Park, CA90620
The above statements apply ONLY to those products distributed
by Yamaha Corporation of America or its subsidiaries.
FCC INFORMATION (U.S.A.)
MG16-6FX.book Page 3 Saturday, January 25, 2003 10:13 AM
MG16/6FX
4
Introduction
Thank you for your purchase of the YAMAHA MG16/6FX mixing console. This mixing console
combines ease of operation with support for multiple usage environments, and is ideal for SR
setups, installed systems, and many other such applications.
Please read through this Owner’s Manual carefully before beginning use, so that you will be
able to take full advantage of this mixer’s superlative features and enjoy trouble-free operation
for years to come.
●
The MG16/6FX provides 16 input channels and mixes the sig-
nals into Stereo and Group outputs.
●
With high-quality digital effects built in, the MG16/6FX can
deliver a wide range of sound variations even when used on its
own. It also includes an EFFECT SEND jack that can be used to
connect an external effector.
●
The monitor includes a convenient C-R OUT jack. This jack can
be used to monitor the main Stereo output, the PFL signal, or the
Group 1-2 signals.
●
The mixer includes dual AUX SEND jacks and a single
RETURN jack. The two independent AUX buses may be used as
sends to external effectors and monitor systems.
●
Phantom power supply enables easy connection to condenser
microphones that run on external power.
●
The mixer provides channel-specific INSERT I/O jacks for input
channels 1 to 8. These jacks make it possible to insert different
effectors into different channels.
●
Input channels 1 to 8, 9/10, and 11/12 are each equipped with
both an XLR mic input jack and a TRS phone-type line jack.
Input channels 13/14 and 15/16 are each equipped with both a
TRS line input jack and an RCA line input jack. This wide
assortment of connectors enables connection to many different
devices, from microphones to line-level devices to stereo-output
synthesizers.
Introduction ............................................................... 4
Features ............................................................... 4
Contents .............................................................. 4
Before Turning on the Mixer ................................. 5
Turning the Power On .......................................... 5
Making the Most Of Your Mixer ................................. 6
1
A Place For Everything and Everything
In Its Place ....................................................... 7
2
Where Your Signal Goes Once It’s Inside
the Box .......................................................... 10
3
The First Steps in Achieving Great Sound .... 11
4
External Effects, Monitor Mixes,
and Groups .................................................... 13
5
Making Better Mixes ...................................... 16
Front & Rear Panels ................................................ 19
Channel Control Section .................................... 19
Master Control Section ...................................... 21
Rear Input/Output Section ................................. 23
Setting Up ............................................................... 25
Setup Procedure ................................................ 25
Setup Examples ................................................ 25
Rack Mounting ................................................... 27
Appendix ................................................................. 28
Specifications .................................................... 28
Dimensional Diagrams ....................................... 30
Block Diagram and Level Diagram .................... 31
Features
Contents
MG16-6FX.book Page 4 Saturday, January 25, 2003 10:13 AM
Introduction
MG16/6FX
5
(1) Be sure that the mixer’s power switch is in the STANDBY
position.
Use only the PA-30 adaptor included with this mixer.
Use of a different adaptor may result in equipment
damage, overheating, or fire.
(2) Connect the power adaptor to the AC ADAPTOR IN con-
nector (
1
) on the rear of the mixer, and then turn the fas-
tening ring clockwise (
2
) to secure the connection.
(3) Plug the power adaptor into a standard household power outlet.
• Be sure to unplug the adaptor from the outlet when
not using the mixer, or when there are lightning
storms in the area.
• To avoid generating unwanted noise, make sure
there is adequate distance between the power
adaptor and the mixer.
Press the mixer’s power switch to the ON position. When you are
ready to turn the power off, press the power switch to the
STANDBY position.
Note that trace current continues to flow while the
switch is in the STANDBY position. If you do not plan
to use the mixer again for a long while, please be sure
to unplug the adaptor from the wall outlet.
Before Turning on the Mixer
1
2
Turning the Power On
MG16-6FX.book Page 5 Saturday, January 25, 2003 10:13 AM
MG16/6FX
6
Making the Most Of Your Mixer
An Introduction
You’ve got yourself a mixer and now you’re ready to use it.
Just plug everything in, twiddle the controls, and away you go … right?
Well, if you’ve done this before you won’t have any problems, but if this is
the first time you’ve ever used a mixer you might want to read through this
little tutorial and pick up a few basics that will help you get better
performance and make better mixes.
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Making the Most Of Your Mixer
MG16/6FX
7
A Place For Everything and Everything In Its Place
1-1. A Plethora Of Connectors—What Goes Where?
Questions you’re likely to encounter when setting up a system for the first time might include “Why all
these different types of connectors on the back of my mixer?” and “What’s the difference?”.
Let’s start by taking a look at the most common connector types.
The Venerable RCA Pin Jack
This is the “consumer connector,” and the one that has been most commonly used
on home audio gear for many years. Also known as “phono” jacks (short for
”phonogram”), but the term isn’t used much these days—besides, it’s too easily
confusable with “phone” jacks, below. RCA pin jacks are always unbalanced, and
generally carry a line-level signal at –10 dB, nominal. You’re most likely to use this
type of connector when connecting a CD player or other home audio type source
to your mixer, or when connecting the output of your mixer to a cassette recorder
or similar gear.
The Versatile Phone Jack
The name “phone jack” arose simply because this configuration was first
used in telephone switchboards. Phone jacks can be tricky because you
can’t always tell what type of signal they’re designed to handle just by
looking at them. It could be unbalanced mono, unbalanced stereo,
balanced mono, or an insert patch point. The connector’s label will
usually tell you what type of signal it handles, as will the owner’s manual
(you
do
keep your manuals in a safe place, don’t you?). A phone jack that
is set up to handle balanced signals is also often referred to as a “TRS”
phone jack. “TRS” stands for Tip-Ring-Sleeve, which describes the
configuration of the phone plug used.
The Sturdy XLR
This type of connector is generally referred to as “XLR-type,” and almost always
carries a balanced signal. If the corresponding circuitry is designed properly,
however, XLR-type connectors will also handle unbalanced signals with no
problem. Microphone cables usually have this type of connector, as do the inputs
and outputs of most professional audio gear.
1
White
Red
Stereo/TRS phone plug
Mono phone plug
Male
Female
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Making the Most Of Your Mixer
MG16/6FX
8
1-2. Balanced, Unbalanced—What’s the Difference?
In a word: “noise.” The whole point of balanced lines is noise rejection, and it’s something they’re very
good at. Any length of wire will act as an antenna to pick up the random electromagnetic radiation we’re
constantly surrounded by: radio and TV signals as well as spurious electromagnetic noise generated by
power lines, motors, electric appliances, computer monitors, and a variety of other sources. The longer
the wire, the more noise it is likely to pick up. That’s why balanced lines are the best choice for long
cable runs. If your “studio” is basically confined to your desktop and all connections are no more than a
meter or two in length, then unbalanced lines are fine—unless you’re surrounded by extremely high lev-
els of electromagnetic noise. Another place balanced lines are almost always used is in microphone
cables. The reason for this is that the output signal from most microphones is very small, so even a tiny
amount of noise will be relatively large, and will be amplified to an alarming degree in the mixer’s high-
gain head amplifier.
To summarize:
Microphones: Use balanced lines.
Short line-level runs: Unbalanced lines are fine if you’re in a relatively noise-free environment.
Long line-level runs: The ambient electromagnetic noise level will be the ultimate deciding factor, but
balanced is best.
■
How Do Balanced Lines Reject Noise?
** Skip this section if technical details make you queasy. **
Balanced lines work on the principle of “phase cancellation”: if you add two identical signals out of
phase (i.e. one signal is inverted so its peaks coincide with the troughs in the other signal), the result is …
nothing. A flat line. The signals cancel each other out.
A balanced cable has three conductors:
1) A ground conductor which carries no signal, just the “ground” or “0” reference against which the
signal in the other conductors fluctuates.
2) A “hot” or “+” conductor which carries the normal-phase audio signal.
3) A “cold” or “–” conductor which carries the reverse-phase audio signal.
While the desired audio signals in the hot and cold conductors are out of phase, any noise induced in
the line will be exactly the same in both conductors, and thus in phase. The trick is that the phase of
one signal is reversed at the receiving end of the line so that the desired audio signals become in-
phase, and the induced noise suddenly finds itself out of phase. The out-of-phase noise signal is effec-
tively canceled while the audio signal is left intact. Clever, eh?
Normal-phase signal.
Reverse-phase signal.
No signal.
(Phase cancellation)
Normal-phase signal
+ normal-phase noise.
Normal-phase signal
+ reverse-phase noise.
Desired signal
with no noise.
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Making the Most Of Your Mixer
MG16/6FX
9
1-3. Signal Levels—Decibel Do’s and Don’ts
From the moment you start dealing with things audio, you’ll have to deal with the term “decibel” and its
abbreviation, “dB”. Things can get confusing because decibels are a very versatile unit of measure used
to describe acoustic sound pressure levels as well as electronic signal levels. To make matters worse there
are a number of variations: dBu, dBV, dBm. Fortunately, you don’t need to be an expert to make things
work. Here are a few basics you should keep in mind:
●
“Consumer” gear (such as home audio equipment) usually has line inputs and outputs with a nomi-
nal (average) level of –10 dB.
●
Professional audio gear usually has line inputs and outputs with a nominal level of +4 dB.
●
You should always feed –10 dB inputs with a –10 dB signal. If you feed a +4 dB signal into a –10 dB
input you are likely to overload the input.
●
You should always feed +4 dB inputs with a +4 dB signal. A –10 dB signal is too small for a +4 dB
input, and will result in less-than-optimum performance.
●
Many professional and semi-professional devices have level switches on the inputs and/or outputs
that let you select –10 or +4 dB. Be sure to set these switches to match the level of the connected
equipment.
●
Inputs that feature a “Gain” control—such as the mono-channel inputs on your Yamaha mixer—will
accept a very wide range of input levels because the control can be used to match the input’s sensi-
tivity to the signal. More on this later.
MG16-6FX.book Page 9 Saturday, January 25, 2003 10:13 AM
Making the Most Of Your Mixer
MG16/6FX
10
Where Your Signal Goes Once It’s Inside the Box
At first glance the block diagram of even a modest mixer can look like a space-station schematic. In reality,
block diagrams are a great aid in understanding how the signal flows in any mixer. Here’s a greatly simplified
block diagram of a generic mixer to help you become familiar with the way these things work.
2-1. Greatly Simplified Mixer Block Diagram
■
Input Channel
1
Head Amp
The very first stage in any mixer, and
usually the only stage with significant
“gain” or “amplification.” The head
amp has a “gain” control that adjusts
the mixer’s input sensitivity to match the
level of the source. Small signals (e.g.
mics) are amplified, and large signals
are attenuated.
2
Equalizer
Could be simple bass and treble con-
trols or a full-blown 4-band parametric
EQ. When boost is applied the EQ stage
also has gain. You can actually overload
the input channel by applying too much
EQ boost. It’s usually better to cut than
boost.
3
Channel Peak LED & Fader
The channel peak LED is your most
valuable tool for setting the input “gain”
control for optimum performance. Note
that it is located after the head amp and
EQ stage.
■
Master Section
4
Summing Amplifier
This is where the actual “mixing” takes
place. Signals from all of the mixer’s
input channels are “summed” (mixed)
together here.
5
Master Fader & Level Meter
A stereo, mono, or bus master fader and
the mixer’s main output level meter.
There could be several master faders
depending on the design of the mixer—
i.e. the number of buses or outputs it
provides.
2
1234 5
Input Channel Master Section
Signals from the mixer’s
other input channels (if
they are assigned to this
master output or “bus”).
MG16-6FX.book Page 10 Saturday, January 25, 2003 10:13 AM
Making the Most Of Your Mixer
MG16/6FX
11
The First Steps in Achieving Great Sound
Before you even consider EQ and effects, or even the overall mix, it is important to make sure that levels are
properly set for each individual source. This can’t be stressed enough—initial level setup is vitally important for
achieving optimum performance from your mixer! Here’s why … and how.
3-1. The Head Amplifier “Gain” Control Is the Key!
Let’s review our simplified mixer block diagram:
Each and every “stage” in the mixer’s signal path will add a certain amount of noise to the signal: the
head amp, the EQ stage, the summing amplifier, and the other buffer and gain stages that exist in the
actual mixer circuit (this applies to analog mixers in particular). The thing to keep in mind is that the
amount of noise added by each stage is usually not dependent to any significant degree on the level of
the audio signal passing through the circuit. This means that the bigger the desired signal, the smaller the
added noise will be in relation to it. In tech-speak this gives us a better “signal-to-noise ratio”—often
abbreviated as “S/N ratio.” All of this leads to the following basic rule:
In our mixer, that means the head amplifier. If you don’t get the signal up to the desired level at the head
amplifier stage, you will need to apply more gain at later stages, which will only amplify the noise con-
tributed by the preceding stages. Just remember that too much initial gain is bad too, because it will over-
load our channel circuitry and cause clipping.
To achieve the best overall system S/N ratio, amplify the input to the desired average
level as early as possible in the signal path.
3
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Making the Most Of Your Mixer
MG16/6FX
12
3-2. Level Setup Procedure For Optimum Performance
Now that we know what we have to do, how do we do it? If you take another quick look at the mixer
block diagram you’ll notice that there’s a peak indicator located right after the head amplifier and EQ
stages, and therein lays our answer! Although the exact procedure you use will depend on the type of
mixer you use and the application, as well as your personal preferences, here’s a general outline:
That’s basically all there is to it. But do keep your eyes on the main output level meters while setting up
the mix to be sure you don’t stay in the “peak zone” all the time. If the output level meters are peaking
constantly you will need to lower the channel faders until the overall program falls within a good range—
and this will depend on the “dynamic range” of your program material.
1
Start by setting all level controls to their minimum: master fad-
ers, group faders (if provided), channel faders, and input gain
controls. Also make sure that no EQ is applied (no boost or
cut), and that all effects and dynamic processors included in
the system are defeated or bypassed.
2
Apply the source signal to each channel one at a time: have
singers sing, players play, and playback devices play back at
the loudest expected level. Gradually turn up the input gain
control while the signal is being applied to the corresponding
channel until the peak indicator begins to flash, then back off
a little so that the peak indicator flashes only occasionally.
Repeat for each active channel.
3
Raise your master fader(s)—and group faders if available—to
their nominal levels (this will be the “0” markings on the fader
scale).
4
Now, with all sources playing, you can raise the channel fad-
ers and set up an initial rough mix.
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Making the Most Of Your Mixer
MG16/6FX
13
External Effects, Monitor Mixes, and Groups
4-1. AUX Buses For Monitor Sends and
Overall Effects
There are a number of reasons why you might
want to “tap” the signal flowing through your
mixer at some point before the main outputs: the
two most common being 1) to create a monitor
mix that is separate from the main mix, and 2) to
process the signal via an external effect unit and
then bring it back into the mix. Both of these func-
tions, and more, can be handled by the mixer’s
AUX (Auxiliary) buses and level controls. If the
mixer has two AUX buses, then it can handle both
functions at the same time. Larger mixing con-
soles can have 6, 8, or even more auxiliary buses
to handle a variety of monitoring and processing
needs.
Using the AUX buses and level controls is pretty
straightforward. The only thing you need to con-
sider is whether you need a “pre-fader” or “post-
fader” send. AUX sends often feature a switch that
allows you to configure them for pre- or post-
fader operation.
Pre/Post—What’s the difference?
4
pre post
A “pre-fader” signal is taken
from a point before the
channel fader, so the send
level is affected only by the
AUX send level control and
not by the channel fader.
Pre-fader sends are most
commonly used to provide
monitor mixes.
A “post-fader” signal is
taken from a point after the
channel fader, so its level
will be affected by both the
AUX send level control and
the channel fader.
Post-fader sends are most
commonly used in conjunc-
tion with the mixer’s AUX or
effect returns for external
effect processing.
Pre-fader send for a monitor mix. The send signal is fed to the monitor power amplifier and speaker system.
The channel fader does not affect the send level so the monitor mix remains independent of the main mix. No
return signal is used in this case.
Post-fader send for external effects processing. The send signal is fed to the external effect unit—a reverb
unit, for example—and the output from the effect unit is returned to the AUX Return jack and mixed back into the
main program. The send level is affected by the channel fader so the effect level always remains in proportion to
the channel signal.
Channel
Fader
Master
Fader
AUX Send
Level
AUX Send Level AUX Return Level
MG16-6FX.book Page 13 Saturday, January 25, 2003 10:13 AM
Making the Most Of Your Mixer
MG16/6FX
14
4-2. Using Groups
Group buses and faders can greatly simplify the mixing process—particularly in live situations in which
changes have to be made as quickly as possible. If you have a group of channels that need to be adjusted
all together while maintaining their relative levels, grouping is the way to go. Simply assign the group to a
group bus, and make sure that group is also assigned to the main program bus. Then you can adjust the
overall level of the group using a single group fader, rather than having to attempt to control multiple
channels faders simultaneously.
Group buses usually also have their own outputs, so you can send the group signal to a different external
destination from the main mix.
Channel faders Assigned to Group
(Controlled As a Group)
Stereo
Master
Fader
Group
Fader
Channel faders Assigned to Stereo
(Controlled Individually)
A group of channels whose levels need to
maintain the same relationship—a drum mix, for
example—can be assigned to a group bus.
Usually the group bus signal can be output
independently via “Group” outputs, or it can be
assigned to the main program (stereo) bus to be
mixed in with the main stereo program.
Once the mix between the channels assigned to
the group is established via the channel faders,
the overall level of the entire group can be
conveniently adjusted via a single group fader.
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Making the Most Of Your Mixer
MG16/6FX
15
4-3. Channel Inserts for Channel-specific Processing
Another way to get the mixer’s signal outside the box is to use the channel inserts. The channel inserts are
almost always located before the channel fader and, when used, actually “break” the mixer’s internal sig-
nal path. Unlike the AUX sends and returns, the channel insert only applies to the corresponding chan-
nel. Channel inserts are most commonly used for applying a dynamics processor such as a compressor or
limiter to a specific channel—although they can be used with just about any type of in/out processor.
Channel insert jacks must be used with a special insert cable that has a TRS phone jack on one end and
mono phone jacks on the split “Y” end. One of the mono phone jacks carries the “send” signal to be fed
to the input of the external processor, and the other carries the “return” signal from the output of the pro-
cessor.
Channel
Fader
When a plug is inserted into the channel insert jack, the inter-
nal signal path is interrupted and sent outside the mixer for
external processing.
Tip
Ring
Sleeve
To the INSERT I/O jack
To the input jack of the
external processor
To the output jack of
the external processor
TipSleeve
MG16-6FX.book Page 15 Saturday, January 25, 2003 10:13 AM
Making the Most Of Your Mixer
MG16/6FX
16
Making Better Mixes
5-1. Approaching the Mix—Where Do
You Start?
Mixing is easy, right? Just move the faders around
until it sounds right? Well, you can do it that way,
but a more systematic approach that is suited to
the material you’re mixing will produce much
better results, and faster. There are no rules, and
you’ll probably end up developing a system that
works best for you. But the key is to develop a
system rather than working haphazardly. Here are
a few ideas to get you started:
Faders Down
It might sound overly simple, but it is usually a
good idea to start with all channel faders off—all
the way down. It’s also possible to start with all
faders at their nominal settings, but it’s too easy to
lose perspective with this approach. Start with all
faders down, then bring them up one by one to fill
out the mix. But which channel should you start
with?
Example1:
Vocal Ballad Backed by Piano Trio
What are you mixing? Is it a song in which the
vocals are the most important element? If so you
might want to build the mix around the vocals.
This means bringing the vocal channel up to
nominal first (if your level setup procedure has
been done properly this will be a good starting
point), and then adding the other instruments.
What you add next will depend on the type of
material you are working with and your approach
to it. If the vocals are backed by a piano trio and
the song is a ballad, for example, you might want
to bring in the piano next and get the vocal/piano
relationship just right, then bring in the bass and
drums to support the overall sound.
Example2:
Funky R&B Groove
The approach will be totally different if you’re
mixing a funky R&B number that centers on the
groove. In this case most engineers will start with
the drums, and then add the bass. The relation-
ship between the drums and bass is extremely
important to achieve the “drive” or groove the
music rides on. Pay particular attention to how
the bass works with the kick (bass drum). They
should almost sound like a single instrument—
with the kick supplying the punch and the bass
supplying the pitch. Once again, there are no
rules, but these are concepts that have been
proven to work well.
Music First—Then Mix
In any case, the music comes first. Think about
the music and let it guide the mix, rather than try-
ing to do things the other way around. What is the
music saying and what instrument or technique is
being used to drive the message? That’s where the
focus of your mix should be. You’re using a high-
tech tool to do the mixing, but the mix itself is as
much art as the music. Approach it that way and
your mixes will become a vital part of the music.
5
MG16-6FX.book Page 16 Saturday, January 25, 2003 10:13 AM
Making the Most Of Your Mixer
MG16/6FX
17
5-2. Panning For Cleaner Mixes
Not only does the way you pan your individual
channels determine where the instruments appear
in the stereo sound field, but it is also vital to give
each instrument it’s own “space” so that it doesn’t
conflict with other instruments. Unlike live sound
in a real acoustic space, recorded stereo sound is
basically 2-dimensional (although some types of
surround sound are actually very 3-dimensional),
and instruments positioned right on top of each
other will often get in each other’s way—particu-
larly if they are in the same frequency range or
have a similar sound.
Spread them Out!
Position your instruments so they have room to
“breathe,” and connect in the most musical way
with other instruments. Sometimes, however,
you’ll want to deliberately pan sounds close
together, or even right on top of one another, to
emphasize their relationship. There are no hard-
and-fast rules. Normally (but this is not a rule),
bass and lead vocals will be panned to center, as
will the kick drum if the drums are in stereo.
5-3. To EQ Or Not To EQ
In general: less is better. There are many situations
in which you’ll need to cut certain frequency
ranges, but use boost sparingly, and with caution.
Proper use of EQ can eliminate interference
between instruments in a mix and give the overall
sound better definition. Bad EQ—and most com-
monly bad boost—just sounds terrible.
Cut For a Cleaner Mix
For example: cymbals have a lot of energy in the
mid and low frequency ranges that you don’t
really perceive as musical sound, but which can
interfere with the clarity of other instruments in
these ranges. You can basically turn the low EQ
on cymbal channels all the way down without
changing the way they sound in the mix. You’ll
hear the difference, however, in the way the mix
sounds more “spacious,” and instruments in the
lower ranges will have better definition. Surpris-
ingly enough, piano also has an incredibly power-
ful low end that can benefit from a bit of low-
frequency roll-off to let other instruments—nota-
bly drums and bass—do their jobs more effec-
tively. Naturally you won’t want to do this if the
piano is playing solo.
The reverse applies to kick drums and bass gui-
tars: you can often roll off the high end to create
more space in the mix without compromising the
character of the instruments. You’ll have to use
your ears, though, because each instrument is dif-
ferent and sometimes you’ll want the “snap” of a
bass guitar, for example, to come through.
Boost With Caution
If you’re trying to create special or unusual
effects, go ahead and boost away as much as you
like. But if you’re just trying to achieve a good-
sounding mix, boost only in very small incre-
ments. A tiny boost in the midrange can give
vocals more presence, or a touch of high boost
can give certain instruments more “air.” Listen,
and if things don’t sound clear and clean try using
cut to remove frequencies that are cluttering up
the mix rather than trying to boost the mix into
clarity.
One of the biggest problems with too much boost
is that it adds gain to the signal, increasing noise
and potentially overloading the subsequent cir-
cuitry.
MG16-6FX.book Page 17 Saturday, January 25, 2003 10:13 AM
Making the Most Of Your Mixer
MG16/6FX
18
5-4. Ambience
Judicious application of reverb and/or delay via
the mixer’s AUX busses can really polish a mix,
but too much can “wash out” the mix and reduce
overall clarity. The way you set up your reverb
sound can make a huge difference in the way it
meshes with the mix.
Reverb/Delay Time
Different reverb/delay units offer different capabil-
ities, but most offer some means of adjusting the
reverb time. A little extra time spent matching the
reverb time to the music being mixed can mean
the difference between great and merely average
sound. The reverb time you choose will depend
to a great degree on the tempo and “density” of
the mix at hand. Slower tempos and lower densi-
ties (i.e. sparser mixes with less sonic activity) can
sound good with relatively long reverb times. But
long reverb times can completely wash out a
faster more active piece of music. Similar princi-
ples applies to delay.
Reverb Tone
How “bright” or “bassy” a reverb sound is also
has a huge impact on the sound of your mix. Dif-
ferent reverb units offer different means of con-
trolling this—balance between the high- and low-
frequency reverb times, simple EQ, and others. A
reverb that is too bright will not only sound unnat-
ural, but it will probably get in the way of delicate
highs you want to come through in your mix. If
you find yourself hearing more high-end reverb
than mix detail, try reducing the brightness of the
reverb sound. This will allow you to get full-bod-
ied ambience without compromising clarity.
Reverb Level
It’s amazing how quickly your ears can lose per-
spective and fool you into believing that a totally
washed-out mix sounds perfectly fine. To avoid
falling into this trap start with reverb level all the
way down, then gradually bring the reverb into
the mix until you can just hear the difference. Any
more than this normally becomes a “special
effect.” You don’t want reverb to dominate the
mix unless you are trying to create the effect of a
band in a cave—which is a perfectly legitimate
creative goal if that’s the sort of thing you’re aim-
ing for.
5-5. Built-in Effects & EQ
Your MG mixer features a high-performance inter-
nal effect system and graphic equalizer that offers
extraordinary sound-processing power and versa-
tility without the need for external equipment.
The internal DSP (Digital Signal Processor) lets
you individually add reverb and delay to each
channel in the same way that you can with an
external effect unit – but you don’t need to wire
up any extra gear, and won’t suffer the signal
quality loss that external connections sometimes
entail. The graphic equalizer is ideal for shaping
the response of the overall mix, and for minimiz-
ing feedback in live situations. For details see
page 22.
MG16-6FX.book Page 18 Saturday, January 25, 2003 10:13 AM
MG16/6FX
19
Front & Rear Panels
1
GAIN Control
Adjusts the input signal level. To get the best balance between
the S/N ratio and the dynamic range, adjust the level so that the
peak indicator (
2
) comes on only at about maximum input
level.
The –60 to –16 scale indicates the MIC-input adjustment level.
The –34 to +10 scale indicates the LINE-input adjustment
level.
2
PEAK Indicator
Detects the peak level of the post-equalizer signal, and lights
up red when the level reaches 3 dB below the clipping level.
On stereo input channels equipped with XLR jacks (CHs 9/10
and 11/12), detects both the post-equalizer and post-mic-amp
peak levels, and lights up red if either of these levels reaches 3
dB below the clipping level.
3
Switch (High Pass Filter)
This switch toggles the HPF on or off. To turn the HPF on,
press the switch in ( ). The HPF cuts frequencies below
80 Hz. (But note that regardless of the switch setting, the mixer
does not apply this HPF to the line inputs of stereo input chan-
nels.)
4
Equalizer
• Monaural (CHs 1 to 8)
This three-band equalizer adjusts the channel’s high, mid,
and low frequency bands. Setting the knob to the position
produces a flat frequency response. Turning the knob to the
right boosts the corresponding frequency band, while turning
to the left cuts the band. The following table shows the EQ
type, base frequency, and maximum cut/boost for each of the
three bands.
• Stereo channels (CHs 9/10, 11/12, 13/14, 15/16)
This four-band equalizer adjusts the channel’s high, hi-mid,
lo-mid, and low frequency bands. Setting the knob to the
position produces a flat frequency response. Turning the knob
to the right boosts the corresponding frequency band, while
turning to the left cuts the band. The following table shows
the EQ type, base frequency, and maximum cut/boost for
each of the four bands.
Channel Control Section
6
3
B
0 0 0
9
8
7
9
8
7
9
8
7
5
1
4
A
B
A
B
A
2
66
Channels
1 to 8
(Monaural)
Channels
9/10 and 11/12
(Stereo)
Channels
13/14 and 15/16
(Stereo)
Band
Type Base Frequency Maximum Cut/Boost
HIGH Shelving 10 kHz
±15 dBMID Peaking
250 Hz – 5 kHz
(variable)
LOW Shelving 100 Hz
Band Type Base Frequency Maximum Cut/Boost
HIGH Shelving 10 kHz
±15 dB
HI-MID Peaking 3 kHz
LO-MID Peaking 800 Hz
LOW Shelving 100 Hz
MG16-6FX.fm Page 19 Friday, June 27, 2003 4:08 PM
Front & Rear Panels
MG16/6FX
20
5 AUX1 and AUX2 Controls
The AUX1 knob controls the signal level that the channel sends
to the AUX1 bus; the AUX2 knob controls the signal level to
the AUX2 bus. These knobs should generally be set close to the
position.
If you are using stereo channels, the signals from the L (odd)
and R (even) channels are mixed and sent to the AUX1 and
AUX2 buses.
These controls allow you to output the signal to the
AUX buses regardless of the setting of the ST
switch
9.
6 PRE Switch
Selects whether the pre-fader or the post-fader signal is fed to
the AUX2 bus. If you set the switch on ( ), the mixer sends
the pre-fader signal—the signal prior to passage though chan-
nel fader
B—to the AUX2 bus, so that AUX2 output is not
affected by the fader. If you set the switch off ( ) the mixer
sends the post-fader signal to the AUX2 bus.
Note that this switch applies to AUX2 only. The signal to the
AUX1 bus always passes through the channel fader first.
7 EFFECT Control
Adjusts the level of the signal sent from the channel to the
EFFECT bus. Note that the signal level will also vary accord-
ing to the setting of the channel fader.
If you are using stereo channels (CHs 9/10, 11/12, 13/14,
15/16), the signals from the L (odd) and R (even) channels are
mixed and then sent to the EFFECT bus.
8 PAN Control (CHs 1 to 8)
PAN/BAL Control (9/10 and 11/12)
BAL Control (13/14 and 15/16)
The PAN control determines the positioning of the channel’s
signal on the Group 1-2/3-4 buses or on the Stereo L and R
buses.
The BAL control knob sets the balance between left and right
channels. Signals into to the L input (odd channel) feed to the
Group 1/3 bus or to the Stereo L bus; signals into the R input
(even channel) feed to the Group 2/4 bus or the Stereo R bus.
On channels where this knob provides both PAN
and BAL controls (9/10 and 11/12), the knob oper-
ates as a PAN control if you are inputting through
the MIC jack or into the L (MONO) input only, and
operates as a BAL control if you are inputting into
both L and R inputs.
9 ST Switch
This switch assigns the channel’s signal to the Stereo L and R
buses. To send the signal to the Stereo bus, set the switch on by
pressing it in ( ). The switch lights up orange to indicate that
it is on.
0 PFL (Pre-Fader Listen) Switch
This switch lets you monitor the channel’s pre-fader signal. To
set the switch on, press it in ( ) so that it lights up. When the
switch is on, the mixer outputs the channel’s pre-fader signal to
the PHONES and C-R OUT jacks, for monitoring.
A GROUP Switches
Use these switches to send the channel's signal to the Group
1-2 and/or Group 3-4 buses. Setting the switch on ( ) causes
the signal to be sent to the corresponding group buses.
These switches allow you to assign the signal to
either or both groups regardless of the setting of the
ST switch 9.
B Channel Fader
Adjusts the output level of the signal being input to the chan-
nel. Use these faders to adjust the volume balance among the
various channels.
To reduce noise, set the fader sliders for unused
channels all the way down.
NOTE
NOTE
NOTE
NOTE
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