Hach 9586sc Basic User Manual

DOC023.98.93069

Hach 9586sc Oxygen

Scavenger Analyzer

08/2020, Edition 7

Basic User Manual

Basis-Benutzerhandbuch

Manuale di base per l'utente

Manuel d'utilisation simplifié

Manual básico del usuario

Manual básico do utilizador

基本用户手册

Základní návod k použití

Basisgebruikershandleiding

Podstawowa instrukcja obsługi

Grundläggande bruksanvisning

Peruskäyttöohje

Alapvető felhasználói útmutató

Manual de utilizare de bază

Начальное руководство пользователя

Temel Kullanım Kılavuzu

Table of Contents

English..............................................................................................................................3

Deutsch.......................................................................................................................... 26

Italiano............................................................................................................................ 50

Français......................................................................................................................... 74

Español.......................................................................................................................... 98

Português.................................................................................................................... 123

中文............................................................................................................................... 147

Čeština......................................................................................................................... 168

Nederlands................................................................................................................. 192

Polski............................................................................................................................ 216

Svenska....................................................................................................................... 240

Suomi............................................................................................................................263

Magyar......................................................................................................................... 286

Română....................................................................................................................... 310

Русский........................................................................................................................333

Türkçe...........................................................................................................................359

2

Table of Contents

1 Table of contents on page 3

2 Online user manual on page 3

3 Specifications on page 3

4 General information on page 5

5 Installation on page 8

6 Startup on page 17

7 User interface and navigation on page 17

8 Operation on page 20

9 Maintenance on page 23

10 Troubleshooting on page 23

11 Replacement parts and accessories

on page 24

Section 1 Table of contents

Specifications on page 3 Operation on page 20

General information on page 5 Maintenance on page 23

Installation on page 8 Troubleshooting on page 23

Startup on page 17 Replacement parts and accessories on page 24

User interface and navigation on page 17

Section 2 Online user manual

This Basic User Manual contains less information than the User Manual, which is available on the

manufacturer's website.

Section 3 Specifications

Specifications are subject to change without notice.

Panel

Specification Details

Dimensions 817 x 300 x 140 mm (32.2 x 11.8 x 5.5 in)

Weight 14.6 kg (32.15 lbs)

Sample flow rate 10—15 liters/hour

Working pressure 0.5—6 bar (7—87 psi)

Ambient temperature 0—60 °C (-32—140 °F)

Relative humidity 10—90%

Working electrode Platinum

Counter electrode Stainless steel

Reference Ag / AgCl / KCl 0.1 M

Measuring cell Acrylic

Sample conditioner DIPA (diisopropylamine)

European standards EN 61326 Class A for EMC; EN 601010-1 for low voltage safety

International standards cETLus

English 3

Sensor

Specification Details

Measuring range 0—500 ppb hydrazine; 0—100 ppb carbohydrazide

Sensitivity < 0.2 ppb

Repeatability 1 ppb or ± 2% of measurement whichever is the greater

Detection limit ≤ 1 ppb

Response time < 60 seconds

Sample temperature measurement range 5—45 °C (41—113 °F)

Controller

Specification Details

Component description Microprocessor-controlled and menu-driven controller that operates the

sensor and displays measured values.

Operating temperature -20 to 60 ºC (-4 to 140 ºF); 95% relative humidity, non-condensing with

sensor load <7 W; -20 to 50 ºC (-4 to 104 ºF) with sensor load <28 W

Storage temperature -20 to 70 ºC (-4 to 158 ºF); 95% relative humidity, non-condensing

Enclosure

1

NEMA 4X/IP66 metal enclosure with a corrosion-resistant finish

Power requirements AC powered controller: 100-240 VAC ±10%, 50/60 Hz; Power 50 VA

with 7 W sensor/network module load, 100 VA with 28 W

sensor/network module load (optional Modbus, RS232/RS485, Profibus

DPV1 or HART network connection).

24 VDC powered controller: 24 VDC—15%, + 20%; Power 15 W with

7 W sensor/network module load, 40 W with 28 W sensor/network

module load (optional Modbus, RS232/RS485, Profibus DPV1 or HART

network connection).

Altitude requirements Standard 2000 m (6562 ft) ASL (Above Sea Level)

Pollution

degree/Installation

category

Polution Degree 2; Installation Category II

Outputs Two analog (0-20 mA or 4-20 mA) outputs. Each analog output can be

assigned to represent a measured parameter such as pH, temperature,

flow or calculated values. Optional module supplies three additional

analog outputs (5 total).

Relays Four SPDT, user-configured contacts, rated 250 VAC, 5 Amp resistive

maximum for the AC powered controller and 24 VDC, 5A resistive

maximum for the DC powered controller. Relays are designed for

connection to AC Mains circuits (i.e., whenever the controller is operated

with 115 - 240 VAC power) or DC circuits (i.e., whenever the controller is

operated with 24 VDC power).

Dimensions ½ DIN—144 x 144 x 180.9 mm (5.7 x 5.7 x 7.12 in.)

Weight 1.7 kg (3.75 lb)

1

Units that have the Underwriters Laboratories (UL) certification are intended for indoor use only

and do not have a NEMA 4X/IP66 rating.

4 English

Specification Details

EMC requirements EN61326-1: EMC Directive

Note: This is a Class A product. In a domestic environment this product may cause radio

interference in which case the user may be required to take adequate measures.

Korean registration

User Guidance for EMC Class A Equipment

업무용을 위한 EMC 등급 A 장치에 대한

사용자 지침

사용자안내문

A 급 기기 ( 업무용 방송통신기자재 )

이 기기는 업무용 (A 급 ) 전자파적합기기로서 판매자 또는 사용자는 이

점을 주의하시기 바라며 , 가정외의 지역에서 사용하는 것을 목적으로 합

니다.

CE compliance EN61010-1: LVD Directive

Digital communication Optional Modbus, RS232/RS485, Profibus DPV1 or HART network

connection for data transmission

Data logging Secure Digital Card (32 GB maximum) or special RS232 cable

connector for data logging and performing software updates. The

controller will keep approximately 20,000 data points per sensor.

Warranty 2 years

Section 4 General information

In no event will the manufacturer be liable for direct, indirect, special, incidental or consequential

damages resulting from any defect or omission in this manual. The manufacturer reserves the right to

make changes in this manual and the products it describes at any time, without notice or obligation.

Revised editions are found on the manufacturer’s website.

4.1 Safety information

N O T I C E

The manufacturer is not responsible for any damages due to misapplication or misuse of this

product including, without limitation, direct, incidental and consequential damages, and disclaims

such damages to the full extent permitted under applicable law. The user is solely responsible to

identify critical application risks and install appropriate mechanisms to protect processes during a

possible equipment malfunction.

Please read this entire manual before unpacking, setting up or operating this equipment. Pay

attention to all danger and caution statements. Failure to do so could result in serious injury to the

operator or damage to the equipment.

Make sure that the protection provided by this equipment is not impaired. Do not use or install this

equipment in any manner other than that specified in this manual.

4.1.1 Use of hazard information

D A N G E R

Indicates a potentially or imminently hazardous situation which, if not avoided, will result in death or

serious injury.

W A R N I N G

Indicates a potentially or imminently hazardous situation which, if not avoided, could result in death

or serious injury.

English 5

C A U T I O N

Indicates a potentially hazardous situation that may result in minor or moderate injury.

N O T I C E

Indicates a situation which, if not avoided, may cause damage to the instrument. Information that

requires special emphasis.

4.1.2 Precautionary labels

Read all labels and tags attached to the instrument. Personal injury or damage to the instrument

could occur if not observed. A symbol on the instrument is referenced in the manual with a

precautionary statement.

This is the safety alert symbol. Obey all safety messages that follow this symbol to

avoid potential injury. If on the instrument, refer to the instruction manual for operation

or safety information.

This symbol indicates that a risk of electrical shock and/or electrocution exists.

This symbol indicates the presence of devices sensitive to Electro-static Discharge

(ESD) and indicates that care must be taken to prevent damage with the equipment.

This symbol, when noted on a product, indicates the instrument is connected to

alternate current.

Electrical equipment marked with this symbol may not be disposed of in European

domestic or public disposal systems. Return old or end-of-life equipment to the

manufacturer for disposal at no charge to the user.

Products marked with this symbol indicates that the product contains toxic or

hazardous substances or elements. The number inside the symbol indicates the

environmental protection use period in years.

Products marked with this symbol indicates that the product conforms to relevant South

Korean EMC standards.

4.1.3 Certification

Canadian Radio Interference-Causing Equipment Regulation, IECS-003, Class A:

Supporting test records reside with the manufacturer.

This Class A digital apparatus meets all requirements of the Canadian Interference-Causing

Equipment Regulations.

FCC Part 15, Class "A" Limits

Supporting test records reside with the manufacturer. The device complies with Part 15 of the FCC

Rules. Operation is subject to the following conditions:

1. The equipment may not cause harmful interference.

2. The equipment must accept any interference received, including interference that may cause

undesired operation.

6

English

Changes or modifications to this equipment not expressly approved by the party responsible for

compliance could void the user's authority to operate the equipment. This equipment has been tested

and found to comply with the limits for a Class A digital device, pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC rules.

These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference when the

equipment is operated in a commercial environment. This equipment generates, uses and can

radiate radio frequency energy and, if not installed and used in accordance with the instruction

manual, may cause harmful interference to radio communications. Operation of this equipment in a

residential area is likely to cause harmful interference, in which case the user will be required to

correct the interference at their expense. The following techniques can be used to reduce

interference problems:

1. Disconnect the equipment from its power source to verify that it is or is not the source of the

interference.

2. If the equipment is connected to the same outlet as the device experiencing interference, connect

the equipment to a different outlet.

3. Move the equipment away from the device receiving the interference.

4. Reposition the receiving antenna for the device receiving the interference.

5. Try combinations of the above.

4.2 Product components

Make sure that all components have been received. If any items are missing or damaged, contact the

manufacturer or a sales representative immediately.

English 7

4.3 Product overview

The analyzer is designed to continuously measure the amount of oxygen scavengers (hydrazine or

carbohydrazide) in water.

Figure 1 Front and rear view

1 Controller 6 Chemical zero cartridge (option)

2 Measuring cell 7 Pressure regulator

3 Chemical zero on/off (option) 8 Sample in, 4/6 mm tube

4 Flow meter 9 Sample drain, 6/8 mm tube, atmospheric

pressure

5 Sample conditioning bottle (DIPA)

Section 5 Installation

C A U T I O N

Multiple hazards. Only qualified personnel must conduct the tasks described in this

section of the document.

8 English

5.1 Analyzer mounting

C A U T I O N

Personal injury hazard. Instruments or components are heavy. Use assistance to install or move.

Make sure that the wall mounting is able to hold 4 times the weight of the equipment.

N O T I C E

The analyzer must be aligned vertically to guarantee accuracy.

Attach the analyzer to a stable, vertical surface. Use a level to make sure that the analyzer is

completely vertical. Refer to the guidelines that follow.

• Put the instrument in a location that has access for operation, service and calibration.

• Make sure that there is good view of the display and controls.

• Keep the instrument away from a heat source.

• Keep the instrument away from vibrations.

• Keep the sample tubing as short as possible to minimize the response time.

• Make sure that there is no air in the sample supply line.

English 9

5.2 Wiring overview

Figure 2 shows an overview of the wiring connections inside the controller with the high voltage

barrier removed. The left side of the figure shows the back side of the controller cover.

Note: Remove connector caps from the connectors before module installation.

Figure 2 Wiring connections overview

1 Service cable connection 5 AC and DC power

connector

2

9 Discrete input wiring

connector

2

2 4-20 mA output

2

6 Ground terminals 10 Digital sensor connector

2

3 Sensor module connector 7 Relay connections

2

4 Communication module

connector (e.g., Modbus,

Profibus, HART, optional

4-20 mA module, etc.)

8 Digital sensor connector

2

5.2.1 High-voltage barrier

High-voltage wiring for the controller is located behind the high-voltage barrier in the controller

enclosure. The barrier must remain in place except when installing modules or when a qualified

installation technician is wiring for power, alarms, outputs or relays. Do not remove the barrier while

power is applied to the controller.

5.2.2 Wiring for power

W A R N I N G

Potential Electrocution Hazard. Always disconnect power to the instrument when making

electrical connections.

2

Terminals can be removed for improved access.

10 English

W A R N I N G

Potential Electrocution Hazard. If this equipment is used outdoors or in potentially wet

locations, a Ground Fault Interrupt device must be used for connecting the equipment to

its mains power source.

D A N G E R

Electrocution Hazard. Do not connect AC power to a 24 VDC powered model.

W A R N I N G

Potential Electrocution Hazard. A protective earth (PE) ground connection is required for

both 100-240 VAC and 24 VDC wiring applications. Failure to connect a good PE ground

connection can result in shock hazards and poor performance due to electromagnetic

interferences. ALWAYS connect a good PE ground to the controller terminal.

N O T I C E

Install the device in a location and position that gives easy access to the disconnect device and its

operation.

The controller can be purchased as either a 100-240 VAC powered model or a 24 VDC powered

model. Follow the appropriate wiring instructions for the purchased model.

The controller can be wired for line power by hard-wiring in conduit or wiring to a power cord.

Regardless of the wire used, the connections are made at the same terminals. A local disconnect

designed to meet local electrical code is required and must be identified for all types of installation. In

hard-wired applications, the power and safety ground service drops for the instrument must be 18 to

12 AWG. Make sure that the field wiring insulation is rated 80 °C (176 °F) minimum.

Notes:

• The voltage barrier must be removed before making any electrical connections. After making all

connections, replace the voltage barrier before closing the controller cover.

• A sealing type strain relief and a power cord less than 3 meters (10 feet) in length with three 18-

gauge conductors (including a safety ground wire) can be used to maintain the NEMA

4X/IP66 environmental rating.

• Controllers can be ordered with AC power cords pre-installed. Additional power cords may also be

ordered.

• The DC power source that supplies power to the 24 VDC powered controller must maintain

voltage regulation within the specified 24 VDC-15% +20% voltage limits. The DC power source

must also provide adequate protection against surges and line transients.

Wiring procedure

Refer to the illustrated steps that follow and Table 1 or Table 2 to wire the controller for power. Insert

each wire into the appropriate terminal until the insulation is seated against the connector with no

bare wire exposed. Tug gently after insertion to make sure that there is a secure connection. Seal

any unused openings in the controller box with conduit opening sealing plugs.

Table 1 AC power wiring information (AC powered models only)

Terminal Description Color—North America Color—EU

1 Hot (L1) Black Brown

2 Neutral (N) White Blue

— Protective Earth (PE) Ground lug Green Green with yellow stripe

English 11

Table 2 DC power wiring information (DC powered models only)

Terminal Description Color—North America Color—EU

1 +24 VDC Red Red

2 24 VDC return Black Black

— Protective Earth (PE) Ground lug Green Green with yellow stripe

12 English

5.2.3 Alarms and relays

The controller is equipped with four unpowered, single pole relays rated 100-250 VAC, 50/60 Hz,

5 amp resistive maximum. Contacts are rated 250 VAC, 5 amp resistive maximum for the AC

powered controller and 24 VDC, 5A resistive maximum for the DC powered controller. The relays are

not rated for inductive loads.

5.2.4 Wiring relays

W A R N I N G

Potential Electrocution Hazard. Always disconnect power to the instrument when making

electrical connections.

W A R N I N G

Potential fire hazard. The relay contacts are rated 5A and are not fused. External loads

connected to the relays must have current limiting devices provided to limit current to <

5 A.

W A R N I N G

Potential fire hazard. Do not daisy-chain the common relay connections or jumper wire

from the mains power connection inside the instrument.

W A R N I N G

Potential electrocution hazard. In order to maintain the NEMA/IP environmental ratings of

the enclosure, use only conduit fittings and cable glands rated for at least NEMA

4X/IP66 to route cables in to the instrument.

AC line (100—250 V) powered controllers

English

13

W A R N I N G

Potential electrocution hazard. AC mains powered controllers (115 V–230 V) are designed

for relay connections to AC mains circuits (i.e., voltages greater than 16 V-RMS, 22.6 V-

PEAK or 35 VDC).

The wiring compartment is not designed for voltage connections in excess of 250 VAC.

24 VDC powered controllers

W A R N I N G

Potential electrocution hazard. 24 V powered controllers are designed for relay

connections to low voltage circuits (i.e., voltages less than 16 V-RMS, 22.6 V-PEAK or

35 VDC).

The 24 VDC controller relays are designed for the connection to low voltage circuits (i.e., voltages

less than 30 V-RMS, 42.2 V-PEAK or 60 VDC). The wiring compartment is not designed for voltage

connections above these levels.

The relay connector accepts 18–12 AWG wire (as determined by load application). Wire gauge less

than 18 AWG is not recommended. Make sure that the field wiring insulation is rated 80 °C (176 °F)

minimum.

The Normally Open (NO) and Common (COM) relay contacts will be connected when an alarm or

other condition is active. The Normally Closed (NC) and Common relay contacts will be connected

when an alarm or other condition is inactive (unless the Fail Safe is set to Yes) or when power is

removed from the controller.

Most relay connections use either the NO and COM terminals or the NC and COM terminals. The

numbered installation steps show connection to the NO and COM terminals.

14 English

5.2.5 Analog output connections

W A R N I N G

Potential Electrocution Hazard. Always disconnect power to the instrument when making

electrical connections.

W A R N I N G

Potential electrocution hazard. In order to maintain the NEMA/IP environmental ratings of

the enclosure, use only conduit fittings and cable glands rated for at least NEMA

4X/IP66 to route cables in to the instrument.

Two isolated analog outputs (1 and 2) are provided (Figure 3). Such outputs are commonly used for

analog signaling or to control other external devices.

Make wiring connections to the controller as shown in Figure 3 and Table 3.

Note: Figure 3 shows the back of the controller cover and not the inside of the main controller compartment.

Table 3 Output connections

Recorder wires Circuit board position

Output 2– 4

Output 2+ 3

Output 1– 2

Output 1+ 1

1. Open the controller cover.

2. Feed the wires through the strain relief.

3. Adjust the wire as necessary and tighten the strain relief.

English

15

4. Make connections with twisted-pair shielded wire and connect the shield at the controlled

component end or at the control loop end.

• Do not connect the shield at both ends of the cable.

• Use of non-shielded cable may result in radio frequency emission or susceptibility levels higher

than allowed.

• Maximum loop resistance is 500 ohm.

5. Close the controller cover and tighten the cover screws.

6. Configure outputs in the controller.

Figure 3 Analog output connections

5.2.6 Connect the optional digital communication output

The manufacturer supports Modbus RS485, Modbus RS232, Profibus DPV1 and HART

communication protocols. The optional digital output module is installed in the location indicated by

item 4 in Figure 2 on page 10. Refer to the instructions supplied with the network module for more

details.

For information about Modbus registers, go to http://www.de.hach.com or http://www.hach.com and

search Modbus registers or go to any sc200 product page.

5.3 Plumb the sample and drain lines

Connect the sample and drain lines to the fittings on the back of the panel.

1. Connect the sample line to the inlet 4/6-mm OD tube fitting.

2. Connect a drain line to the drain 6/8-mm OD tube fitting. Keep the drain line as short as possible

at atmospheric pressure.

16

English

5.4 Install the reagents

W A R N I N G

Chemical exposure hazard. Obey laboratory safety procedures and wear all of the

personal protective equipment appropriate to the chemicals that are handled. Refer to

the current safety data sheets (MSDS/SDS) for safety protocols.

1. Fill the empty sample conditioning bottle with DIPA (diisopropylamine) and enter the hazardous

reagent information on the blank label attached to the bottle.

2. Install the sample conditioning bottle on the front of the analyzer.

3. Connect the supplied tube to the measuring cell. Install the tube completely into the bottle of

conditioning solution. Make sure that the tube fittings are tight to prevent leakage of fumes from

the conditioning bottle into the atmosphere.

4. If the chemical zero cartridge is used, install the cartridge on the rear of the analyzer.

Section 6 Startup

Make sure that the flow rate and pressure do not exceed the values in Specifications on page 3.

1. Open the valve on the sample line to let sample flow through the analyzer.

2. Turn the knob on the flow meter to set the flow rate.

3. Examine the plumbing for leaks and stop any leaks if found.

4. Apply power to the controller.

5. Make the applicable menu selections when the controller starts.

Section 7 User interface and navigation

7.1 User interface

The keypad has four menu keys and four directional keys as shown in Figure 4.

English

17

Figure 4 Keypad and front panel overview

1 Instrument display 5 BACK key. Moves back one level in the

menu structure.

2 Cover for secure digital memory card slot 6 MENU key. Moves to the Settings Menu from

other screens and submenus.

3 HOME key. Moves to the Main Measurement

screen from other screens and submenus.

7 Directional keys. Used to navigate through

the menus, change settings, and increment

or decrement digits.

4 ENTER key. Accepts input values, updates,

or displayed menu options.

Inputs and outputs are set up and configured through the front panel using the keypad and display

screen. This user interface is used to set up and configure inputs and outputs, create log information

and calculated values, and calibrate sensors. The SD interface can be used to save logs and update

software.

7.2 Display

Figure 5 shows an example of the main measurement screen with the sensor connected to the

controller.

The front panel display screen shows sensor measurement data, calibration and configuration

settings, errors, warnings and other information.

18

English

Figure 5 Example of Main Measurement screen

1 Home screen icon 7 Warning status bar

2 Sensor name 8 Date

3 SD Memory card icon 9 Analog output values

4 Relay status indicator 10 Time

5 Measurement value 11 Progress bar

6 Measurement unit 12 Measurement parameter

Table 4 Icon descriptions

Icon Description

Home screen The icon may vary depending on the screen or menu being displayed. For

example, if an SD card is installed, an SD card icon appears here when the user is

in the SD Card Setup menu.

SD memory

card

This icon appears only if an SD card is in the reader slot. When a user is in the SD

Card Setup menu, this icon appears in the upper left corner.

Warning A warning icon consists of an exclamation point within a triangle. Warning icons

appear on the right of the main display below the measurement value. Push the

ENTER key then select the device to view any problems associated with that

device. The warning icon will no longer be displayed once all problems have been

corrected or acknowledged.

Error An error icon consists of an exclamation point within a circle. When an error occurs,

the error icon and the measurement screen flash alternately in the main display. To

view errors, push the MENU key and select Diagnostics. Then select the device to

view any problems associated with that device.

7.2.1 Additional display formats

• From the Main Measurement screen push the UP and DOWN arrow keys to switch between

measurement parameters

• From the Main Measurement screen push the RIGHT arrow key to switch to a split display of up to

4 measurement parameters. Push the RIGHT arrow key to include additional measurements. Push

the LEFT arrow key as needed to return to the Main Measurement screen

• From the Main Measurement screen push the LEFT arrow key to switch to the graphical display

(see Graphical display on page 20 to define the parameters). Push the UP and DOWN arrow

keys to switch measurement graphs

English

19

7.2.2 Graphical display

The graph shows concentration and temperature measurements for each channel in use. The graph

supplies easy monitoring of trends and shows changes in the process.

1. From the graphical display screen use the up and down arrow keys to select a graph and push

the HOME key.

2. Select an option:

Option Description

MEASUREMENT VALUE Set the measurement value for the selected channel. Select

between Auto Scale and Manually Scale. For manual scaling enter

the minimum and maximum measurement values

DATE & TIME RANGE Select the date and time range from the available options

Section 8 Operation

8.1 Configure the sensor

Use the CONFIGURE menu to enter identification information for the sensor and to change options

for data handling and storage.

1. Push the menu key, select SENSOR SETUP>CONFIGURE.

2. Use the arrow keys to select an option and push enter. To enter numbers, characters or

punctuation, push and hold the up or down arrow keys. Push the right arrow key to advance to

the next space.

Option Description

EDIT NAME Changes the name that corresponds to the sensor on the top of the

measure screen. The name is limited to 16 characters in any combination

of letters, numbers, spaces or punctuation.

SENSOR S/N Allows the user to enter the serial number of the sensor, limited to

16 characters in any combination of letters, numbers, spaces or

punctuation.

MEAS UNITS Changes the measurement units—Select the unit from the list available.

TEMP UNITS Sets the temperature units to °C (default) or °F

FILTER Sets a time constant to increase signal stability. The time constant

calculates the average value during a specified time—0 (no effect, default)

to 60 seconds (average of signal value for 60 seconds). The filter

increases the time for the sensor signal to respond to actual changes in

the process.

LOG SETUP Sets the time interval for data storage in the data log—5, 30 seconds, 1, 2,

5, 10, 15 (default), 30, 60 minutes.

RESET

DEFAULTS

Sets the configuration menu to the default settings. All sensor information

is lost.

8.2 Calibration

8.2.1 About sensor calibration

The sensor characteristics slowly shift over time and cause the sensor to lose accuracy. The sensor

must be calibrated regularly to maintain accuracy. The calibration frequency varies with the

application and is best determined by experience.

20

English

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