ƧƫƴƣƥƺƥƩ
Ŷ
ȆȇȅĭȊȁǹȄǼǿȈǹȈĭǹȁǼǿǹȈ
ȅȚ³ȆȇȅĭȊȁǹȄǼǿȈǹȈĭǹȁǼǿǹȈ´ĮȣIJȠȪIJȠȣİȖȤİȚȡȓįȚȠȣȠįȘȖȚ
ȫȞʌİȡȚȑȤȠȣȞıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȑȢʌȜȘȡȠijȠȡȓİȢȖȚĮIJȘȞĮıijȐȜİȚȐıĮȢ
ǺİȕĮȚȦșİȓIJİȩIJȚIJȘȡȠȪȞIJĮȚ
ȆȇȅǼǿǻȅȆȅǿǾȈǾ
ǹȣIJȩIJȠıȒȝĮȣʌȠįİȚțȞȪİȚįȚĮįȚțĮıȓİȢ
ʌȠȣĮȞįİȞİțIJİȜİıIJȠȪȞıȦıIJȐȝʌȠ
ȡİȓȞĮİȓȞĮȚșĮȞĮIJȘijȩȡİȢȒıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȐ
İʌȚȕȜĮȕİȓȢȖȚĮIJȠȞȤȡȒıIJȘ
ȈİʌİȡȓʌIJȦıȘȕȜȐȕȘȢĮȞȝȣȡȓȗİȚțĮȝȑȞȠțIJȜıIJĮȝĮIJȒıIJİĮȝȑ
ıȦȢIJȘȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȓĮțȜİȓıIJİIJȠȞȘȜİțIJȡȚțȩįȚĮțȩʌIJȘțĮȚıȣȝȕȠȣ
ȜİȣIJİȓIJİİȟȠȣıȚȠįȠIJȘȝȑȞȠʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩıȑȡȕȚȢ
ȂȘȞİʌȚıțİȣȐȗİIJİțĮȚȝȘȞIJȡȠʌȠʌȠȚİȓIJİȠʌȠȚȠįȒʌȠIJİțĮIJİıIJȡĮȝ
ȝȑȞȠțĮȜȫįȚȠȝȩȞȠȚıĮȢǹijȒıIJİIJȠİȟȠȣıȚȠįȠIJȘȝȑȞȠʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩ
ıȑȡȕȚȢȞĮIJȠțȐȞİȚǹțĮIJȐȜȜȘȜȘİȡȖĮıȓĮİȞįȑȤİIJĮȚȞĮʌȡȠțĮȜȑıİȚ
ȘȜİțIJȡȠʌȜȘȟȓĮȒijȦIJȚȐ
ǵIJĮȞȤȡİȚĮıIJİȓȞĮȝİIJĮțȚȞȘșİȓʌȐȞIJĮȞĮıȣȝȕȠȣȜİȪİıIJİİȟȠȣıȚ
ȠįȠIJȘȝȑȞȠʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩıȑȡȕȚȢȖȚĮĮʌİȖțĮIJȐıIJĮıȘțĮȚİʌĮȞİȖțĮ
IJȐıIJĮıȘIJȘȢȝȠȞȐįĮȢ
ȂȘȞĮȖȖȓȗİIJİȝİȕȡİȖȝȑȞĮȤȑȡȚĮǼȞįȑȤİIJĮȚȞĮʌȡȠțȜȘșİȓȘȜİ
țIJȡȠʌȜȘȟȓĮ
ǼȐȞİȞįȑȤİIJĮȚȞĮʌȜȘıȚȐıȠȣȞIJȘȝȠȞȐįĮʌĮȚįȚȐȜȐȕİIJİʌȡȠȜȘ
ʌIJȚțȐȝȑIJȡĮȫıIJİȞĮȝȘȝʌȠȡȠȪȞȞĮijIJȐıȠȣȞIJȘȝȠȞȐįĮ
ȂȘȞİʌȚıțİȣȐȗİIJİțĮȚȝȘȞIJȡȠʌȠʌȠȚİȓIJİIJȘȝȠȞȐįĮȝȩȞȠȚıĮȢ
ǼȞįȑȤİIJĮȚȞĮʌȡȠțȜȘșİȓȕȜȐȕȘȒĮIJȪȤȘȝĮ
ȂȘȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚİȓIJİİȪijȜİțIJĮĮȑȡȚĮțȠȞIJȐıIJȘȝȠȞȐįĮǼȞįȑȤİIJĮȚ
ȞĮʌȡȠțȜȘșİȓijȦIJȚȐĮʌȩįȚĮȡȡȠȒĮİȡȓȠȣ
ǹʌȠȡȡȓȥIJİIJĮȣȜȚțȐıȣıțİȣĮıȓĮȢȝİĮıijĮȜȒIJȡȩʌȠȈȤȓıIJİțĮȚ
ĮʌȠȡȡȓȥIJİIJȚȢʌȜĮıIJȚțȑȢıĮțȠȪȜİȢıȣıțİȣĮıȓĮȢȑIJıȚȫıIJİȞĮ
ȝȘȞİȓȞĮȚįȣȞĮIJȩȞȞĮʌĮȓȟȠȣȞʌĮȚįȚȐȝİĮȣIJȑȢȊʌȐȡȤİȚțȓȞįȣȞȠȢ
ĮıijȣȟȓĮȢİȐȞIJȣȤȩȞʌĮȚįȚȐʌĮȓȟȠȣȞȝİĮȣIJȑȢIJȚȢʌȜĮıIJȚțȑȢıĮțȠȪ
ȜİȢ
ǹȣIJȒȘȠȚțȚĮțȒıȣıțİȣȒįİȞʌȡȠȠȡȓȗİIJĮȚȖȚĮȤȡȒıȘĮʌȩȐIJȠȝĮ
ıȣȝʌİȡȚȜĮȝȕĮȞȠȝȑȞȦȞțĮȚʌĮȚįȚȫȞȝİȝİȚȦȝȑȞİȢıȦȝĮIJȚțȑȢ
ĮȚıșȘIJȘȡȚĮțȑȢȒʌȞİȣȝĮIJȚțȑȢȚțĮȞȩIJȘIJİȢȒȑȜȜİȚȥȘİȝʌİȚȡȓĮȢțĮȚ
ȖȞȫıȘȢİțIJȩȢİȐȞȕȡȓıțȠȞIJĮȚȣʌȩIJȘȞİʌȓȕȜİȥȘȒIJȘȞțĮșȠįȒȖȘ
ıȘıȤİIJȚțȐȝİIJȘȞȤȡȒıȘIJȘȢȠȚțȚĮțȒȢıȣıțİȣȒȢĮʌȩȑȞĮȐIJȠȝȠ
ȣʌİȪșȣȞȠȖȚĮIJȘȞĮıijȐȜİȚȐIJȠȣȢ
ȉĮʌĮȚįȚȐșĮʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮİʌȚȕȜȑʌȠȞIJĮȚȖȚĮȞĮįȚĮıijĮȜȚıIJİȓȩIJȚįİȞ
ʌĮȓȗȠȣȞȝİIJȘȞıȣıțİȣȒ
ȆȇȅȈȅȋǾ
ǹȣIJȩIJȠıȒȝĮįİȓȤȞİȚįȚĮįȚțĮıȓİȢʌȠȣ
ĮȞįİȞİțIJİȜİıIJȠȪȞıȦıIJȐȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮ
İȓȞĮȚȕȜĮȕİȡȑȢȖȚĮIJȠȤȡȒıIJȘȒIJȘȞ
ȚįȚȠțIJȘıȓĮIJȠȣ
ȂȘȞIJȠʌȠșİIJİȓIJİįȠȤİȓĮʌȠȣʌİȡȚȑȤȠȣȞȣȖȡȐʌȐȞȦıIJȘȝȠȞȐįĮ
ǹȞIJȠțȐȞİIJİșĮʌȡȠțȜȘșİȓȣʌİȡșȑȡȝĮȞıȘʌȣȡțĮȖȚȐȒȘȜİțIJȡȠ
ʌȜȘȟȓĮ
ȂȘȞİțșȑIJİIJİĮȣIJȒIJȘȝȠȞȐįĮȐȝİıĮȝİȞİȡȩǹȞIJȠțȐȞİIJİșĮ
ʌȡȠțȜȘșİȓȕȜȐȕȘȘȜİțIJȡȠʌȜȘȟȓĮȒȣʌİȡșȑȡȝĮȞıȘ
ȂȘȞIJȠʌȠșİIJİȓIJİȘȜİțIJȡȚțȑȢıȣıțİȣȑȢıİĮʌȩıIJĮıȘİȞIJȩȢIJȠȣ
PĮʌȩĮȣIJȒIJȘȝȠȞȐįĮǼȞįȑȤİIJĮȚȞĮʌȡȠțȜȘșİȓįȣıȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȓĮȒ
ıijȐȜȝĮ
ȂȘȞțȐȞİIJİȤȡȒıȘijȦIJȚȐȢțȠȞIJȐıİĮȣIJȒIJȘȝȠȞȐįĮȒȝȘȞIJȠʌȠ
șİIJİȓIJİșİȡȝĮȞIJȚțȐıȫȝĮIJĮțȠȞIJȐıİĮȣIJȒǼȞįȑȤİIJĮȚȞĮʌȡȠțȜȘ
șİȓįȣıȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȓĮ
ȂȘȞĮȖȖȓȗİIJİIJȠȣȢįȚĮțȩʌIJİȢȝİĮȚȤȝȘȡȐĮȞIJȚțİȓȝİȞĮǹȞIJȠțȐȞİ
IJİșĮʌȡȠțȜȘșİȓIJȡĮȣȝĮIJȚıȝȩȢȕȜȐȕȘȒȘȜİțIJȡȠʌȜȘȟȓĮ
ȂȘȞİȚıȐȖİIJİĮȞIJȚțİȓȝİȞĮıIJȚȢıȤȚıȝȑȢĮȣIJȒȢIJȘȢȝȠȞȐįĮȢȈİ
ĮȞIJȓșİIJȘʌİȡȓʌIJȦıȘșĮʌȡȠțȜȘșİȓȕȜȐȕȘȣʌİȡșȑȡȝĮȞıȘȒ
ȘȜİțIJȡȠʌȜȘȟȓĮ
Ŷ
ȈȀǿǹīȇǹĭǾȈǾȉȅȊȈȊȈȉǾȂǹȉȅȈ
ȅȡȠȜȠȖȓĮ
ǵȡȠȚıȤİIJȚțȠȓȝİIJȠıȪıIJȘȝĮƇİȓȞĮȚȖȚĮIJȠıȪıIJȘȝĮ95)
D ȈȪıIJȘȝĮ95)Ƈ
ȉȠ95)ȂİIJĮȕȜȘIJȒȇȠȒȌȣțIJȚțȠȪİȓȞĮȚȑȞĮȝİȖȐȜȠʌȠȜȣ
ıȪıIJȘȝĮʌȠȣȥȪȤİȚșİȡȝĮȓȞİȚĮʌȠIJİȜİıȝĮIJȚțȐȑȞĮİȣȡȪ
ijȐıȝĮȤȫȡȦȞĮʌȩȝİȖȐȜĮțIJȓȡȚĮȑȦȢȚįȚȦIJȚțȑȢțĮIJȠȚțȓİȢ
E DZȜȜȠıȪıIJȘȝĮ
ȆȠȜȜĮʌȜȐȒȝİȝȠȞȦȝȑȞĮIJȪʌȠȣıȣıIJȒȝĮIJĮțȜȚȝĮIJȚıȝȠȪ
İțIJȩȢIJȠȣıȣıIJȒȝĮIJȠȢ95)
F ȈȪıIJȘȝĮĮȞȐțIJȘıȘȢșİȡȝȩIJȘIJĮȢƇ
ǾİıȦIJİȡȚțȒȝȠȞȐįĮıȣȞįȑİIJĮȚȝİIJȘȞİȟȦIJİȡȚțȒȝȠȞȐįĮȝȑıȦ
ȝȓĮȢȝȠȞȐįĮȢ5%ıİĮȣIJȩIJȠıȪıIJȘȝĮǼȓȞĮȚįȚĮșȑıȚȝİȢȝȠȞȐ
įİȢ5%ȝİȝȠȞȦȝȑȞȠȣIJȪʌȠȣțĮȚʌȠȜȜĮʌȜȠȪIJȪʌȠȣIJİIJȡĮʌȜȠȪ
ıȣıIJȒȝĮIJȠȢǵIJĮȞıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞİȢİıȦIJİȡȚțȑȢȝȠȞȐįİȢȠȝȐįĮȢ
5%įȚİȟȐȖȠȣȞȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȓĮȥȪȟȘȢȐȜȜİȢİıȦIJİȡȚțȑȢȝȠȞȐįİȢ
ȠȝȐįĮȢ5%ȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮįȚİȟȐȖȠȣȞȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȓĮșȑȡȝĮȞıȘȢǹȞĮ
IJȡȑȟIJİıIJȠHȖȚĮIJȘȞȠȝȐįĮ5%ȂȓĮİıȦIJİȡȚțȒȝȠȞȐįĮʌȠȣ
ıȣȞįȑİIJĮȚȝİȝȓĮİȟȦIJİȡȚțȒȝȠȞȐįĮȤȦȡȓȢȞĮįȚȑȡȤİIJĮȚĮʌȩ
ȝȓĮȝȠȞȐįĮ5%İȓȞĮȚȖȚĮȥȪȟȘȝȩȞȠ
G ȈȪıIJȘȝĮĮȞIJȜȓĮȢșȑȡȝĮȞıȘȢ
ǹȣIJȩİȓȞĮȚIJȣʌȚțȩıȪıIJȘȝĮȈİĮȣIJȩIJȠıȪıIJȘȝĮȠȚİıȦIJİȡȚțȑȢ
ȝȠȞȐįİȢįİȞįȚİȟȐȖȠȣȞIJȘȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȓĮȥȪȟȘȢțĮȚIJȘȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȓĮ
șȑȡȝĮȞıȘȢIJĮȣIJȩȤȡȠȞĮ
H ȅȝȐįĮ5%>īȚĮȈȪıIJȘȝĮǹȞȐțIJȘıȘȢĬİȡȝȩIJȘIJĮȢ@Ƈ
ȂȓĮȠȝȐįĮİıȦIJİȡȚțȫȞȝȠȞȐįȦȞʌȠȣıȣȞįȑİIJĮȚȝİȝȓĮȝȠȞȐ
įĮ5%ȝİȝȠȞȦȝȑȞȠȣIJȪʌȠȣȒțȐșİıȪıIJȘȝĮȝȠȞȐįĮȢ5%ʌȠȜ
ȜĮʌȜȠȪIJȪʌȠȣȈIJȘȞȠȝȐįĮ5%ȠȚİıȦIJİȡȚțȑȢȝȠȞȐįİȢįİȞįȚ
İȟȐȖȠȣȞIJȘȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȓĮȥȪȟȘȢțĮȚIJȘȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȓĮșȑȡȝĮȞıȘȢIJĮȣ
IJȩȤȡȠȞĮ
I ȅȝȐįĮ5&ȅȝȐįĮȉȘȜİȤİȚȡȚıIJȘȡȓȠȣ
ǹȣIJȩıȤȘȝĮIJȓȗİȚȝȓĮȠȝȐįĮıȣȞįȑȠȞIJĮȢİıȦIJİȡȚțȑȢȝȠȞȐįİȢ
ȝİțĮȜȫįȚȠIJȘȜİȤİȚȡȚıIJȘȡȓȠȣȂȚĮİıȦIJİȡȚțȒȝȠȞȐįĮʌȠȣįİȞ
ĮȞȒțİȚıİȠȝȐįĮĮʌȠIJİȜİȓ5&ȀĮȚĮȣIJȒİȓȞĮȚȠȝȐįĮǹʌȠIJİȜİȓ
IJȘȞİȜȐȤȚıIJȘȝȠȞȐįĮȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȓĮȢ
J ȈȪıIJȘȝĮȥȪȟȘȢ
ǹȣIJȩİȓȞĮȚȑȞĮıȪıIJȘȝĮʌȠȣĮʌȠIJİȜİȓIJĮȚĮʌȩİıȦIJİȡȚțȑȢȝȠ
ȞȐįİȢțĮȚİȟȦIJİȡȚțȑȢȝȠȞȐįİȢıȣȞįİįİȝȑȞİȢȝİIJȘȞȓįȚĮĮȞIJȜȓĮ
ȥȪȟȘȢ
K ȈȪıIJȘȝĮƇ
ǼȓȞĮȚȒȒʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡĮıȣıIJȒȝĮIJĮȥȪȟȘȢıȣȞįİįİȝȑȞĮ
ĮʌȩIJȠȓįȚȠțĮȜȫįȚȠȝİIJȐįȠıȘȢ
L ȀİȞIJȡȚțȩȤİȚȡȚıIJȒȡȚȠƇ
DzȞĮțİȞIJȡȚțȩIJȘȜİȤİȚȡȚıIJȒȡȚȠȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮİȜȑȖȟİȚIJȚȢʌȠȜȜĮʌȜȑȢ
ȅȝȐįİȢ5&ȊʌȐȡȤİȚȑȞĮV\VWHPFRQWUROOHUȝȚĮȠșȩȞȘĮijȒȢ
ȤİȚȡȚıȝȠȪțĮȚȑȞĮțİȞIJȡȚțȩIJȘȜİȤİȚȡȚıIJȒȡȚȠ
M ȉȣʌȚțȩIJȘȜİȤİȚȡȚıIJȒȡȚȠ
DzȞĮıIJȐȞIJĮȡIJȘȜİȤİȚȡȚıIJȒȡȚȠȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮİȜȑȖȤİȚ5&ȂȩȞȠ
ȠȝȐįĮǹȣIJȒȘȝȠȞȐįĮĮȞIJȚıIJȠȚȤİȓıİĮȣIJȩǹȣIJȒȘȝȠȞȐįĮįİȞ
ȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȘșİȓȝĮȗȓȝİİȞıȪȡȝĮIJȠIJȘȜİȤİȚȡȚıIJȒȡȚȠ
IJȪʌȠȣțĮȜȦįȓȦȞDzȞĮĮıȪȡȝĮIJȠIJȘȜİȤİȚȡȚıIJȒȡȚȠȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮ
ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȘșİȓȝĮȗȓȝİĮȣIJȒIJȘȝȠȞȐįĮ
N ȆȡȠıĮȡȝȠıȝȑȞȠĮȣIJȩȝĮIJȠǹȣIJȋȡȒıIJȘ
ȇȣșȝȓıIJİIJȩıȠIJȘșİȡȝȠțȡĮıȓĮȥȪȟȘȢȩıȠțĮȚIJȘșİȡȝȠțȡĮ
ıȓĮșȑȡȝĮȞıȘȢȀĮIJȐIJȘȞțĮIJȐıIJĮıȘȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȓĮȢʌȡȠıĮȡȝȠ
ıȝȑȞȠȣĮȣIJȩȝĮIJȠȣȩIJĮȞȘșİȡȝȠțȡĮıȓĮįȦȝĮIJȓȠȣȣʌİȡȕİȓIJȘ
ȡȣșȝȚıȝȑȞȘșİȡȝȠțȡĮıȓĮȥȪȟȘȢįȚİȟȐȖİIJĮȚȘȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȓĮȥȪ
ȟȘȢțĮȚȩIJĮȞȘșİȡȝȠțȡĮıȓĮįȦȝĮIJȓȠȣʌȑıİȚțȐIJȦĮʌȩIJȘȡȣș
ȝȚıȝȑȞȘșİȡȝȠțȡĮıȓĮșȑȡȝĮȞıȘȢįȚİȟȐȖİIJĮȚȘȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȓĮșȑȡ
ȝĮȞıȘȢȋȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚİȓIJĮȚȝȩȞȠȩIJĮȞȘȡȪșȝȚıȘIJȘȢıȣȝȕĮIJȒȢ
ȝİĮȣIJȒIJȘȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȓĮİıȦIJİȡȚțȒȢȝȠȞȐįĮȢİȓȞĮȚıİȚıȤȪ
O ȃİțȡȒȗȫȞȘ
ǾȞİțȡȒȗȫȞȘİȓȞĮȚȘİȜȐȤȚıIJȘIJȚȝȒIJȘȢįȚĮijȠȡȐȢȝİIJĮȟȪIJȘȢ
ȡȣșȝȚıȝȑȞȘȢșİȡȝȠțȡĮıȓĮȢȥȪȟȘȢțĮȚIJȘȢȡȣșȝȚıȝȑȞȘȢșİȡ
ȝȠțȡĮıȓĮȢșȑȡȝĮȞıȘȢ ȡȣșȝȚıȝȑȞȘșİȡȝȠțȡĮıȓĮȥȪȟȘȢ
ȡȣșȝȚıȝȑȞȘșİȡȝȠțȡĮıȓĮșȑȡȝĮȞıȘȢıIJȘȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȓĮʌȡȠ
ıĮȡȝȠıȝȑȞȠȣĮȣIJȩȝĮIJȠȣǾįȚĮijȠȡȐȝİIJĮȟȪIJȘȢȡȣșȝȚıȝȑȞȘȢ
șİȡȝȠțȡĮıȓĮȢȥȪȟȘȢțĮȚșȑȡȝĮȞıȘȢıIJȘȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȓĮʌȡȠıĮȡ
ȝȠıȝȑȞȠȣĮȣIJȩȝĮIJȠȣįİȞȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮİȓȞĮȚȝȚțȡȩIJİȡȘĮʌȩIJȘ
ȞİțȡȒȗȫȞȘǾȞİțȡȒȗȫȞȘȡȣșȝȓȗİIJĮȚıIJȘȞİıȦIJİȡȚțȒȝȠȞȐ
įĮīȚĮȞĮIJȠĮȜȜȐȟİIJİĮȣIJȩıȣȝȕȠȣȜİȣIJİȓIJİİȟȠȣıȚȠįȠIJȘȝȑȞȠ
ʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩIJȠȣıȑȡȕȚȢ
El-3